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    Dieter Gruenert, PhD

    TitleProfessor
    SchoolUCSF School of Medicine
    DepartmentOtolaryngology
    Address2340 Sutter Street, Mt Zion
    Phone415-476-8586

       Biography 
       Awards and Honors
      UCSF2011 - 2016NIDDK P01, Proj 2; Correction of Beta-globin Mutations in Human Somatic and iPS Cells
      UCSF2011 - 2012Hearing Res Inst Grant; Differentaiton of of iPS Cells into Parathyroid and Thyroid Cells
      UCSF2011 - 2016NIDDK P01, Core B; Cell and Molecular Biology Core
      UCSF2010 - 2011NIGMS ARRA Suppl; Characterization of SFHR Modification of Genomic DNA
      CPMCRI and UCSF2009 - 2011CFRI Grant; CFTR Expression Levels and CFTR Function
      Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France2009European Respir Soc Visiting Professorship; Immortalization of Familial CF Airway Epithelial Cells
      CPMCRI and UCSF2007 - 2011NIGMS Grant; Characterization of SFHR Modification of Genomic DNA
      University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal2007Conference Co-Chair; Epithelial Cells & Tissues: Production, Cultivation and Characterization
      CPMCRI2005 - 2007NHLBI Grant; Development of a Genetic Therapy for CF in a CF Rabbit
      CPMCRI2004 - 2007NIDDK Grant; Generation of a CF Pig by SFHR and Nuclear Transfer
      University of Vermont, Tor Vergata University, La Spienza University, Rome, Italy2001Conf Chair; Genome Medicine: Gene Therapy for the Next Millennium
      Tor Vergata Unversity, Rome, Italy1999 - 2012Visiting Professorship
      UCSF1998 - 2000CFF Grant; Small Fragment Homologous Replacement In Vivo
      UCSF and UVM1998 - 2002NCI Grant; Full length cDNA Cloning & Sequencing: Breast Cancer
      UCSF1998 - 2000NIDDK Grant; Correction of the Sickle Cell Mutation by Gene Targeting
      Hopital Cochin, Paris, France 1997Conference Chair: Gene Therapy: The Next Generation
      UCSF1997 - 1998ASC Grant:Connexins in HSV-TK/GANC Bystander Killing in Normal and Neoplastic Lung Cells
      UCSF1997 - 1998CFRI Grant; Small Fragment Homologous Replacement In Vivo
      UCSF1997 - 1998CFRI Grant; Small Fragment Homologous Replacement In Vivo
      UCSF1996 - 1997NIDDK Minority Supplement Grant
      UCSF1993 - 1995Development of Transgeneic CF Mice with Specific Mutations
      UCSF1993 - 1994CFRI Grant; Gene Therapy of CF using an Episomal Expression Vector Containing Wild-Type CFTR
      UCSF1993 - 1998NIDDK P30 Grant (Co-PI); Gene Therapy Core Center
      UCSF1992EPRI Grant; Metal-induced Neoplastic Progression in Cultured Human Airway Epithelial Cells
      UCSF1992 - 1999NIDDK Grant; Targeted replacement in Cf Epithelial Cells
      UCSF1992Walter Travel Grant to Attend CSH Gene Therapy Meeting
      UCSF1991 - 1992ASC Grant; Homologus Recombination in Txn CF Epithelial Cells
      UCSF1991 - 1992CFF Grant; Homologous Recombination in Txn CF Epithelial Cells
      UCSF1990Conference Chair, NIDDK Workshop: Epithelial Cell Growth and Transformation
      UCSF1990NIDDK Conference Grant: Epithelial Cell Growth and Transformation
      UCSF1988 - 1989CFF Grant: Studies in Immortal Temperature Sensitive Cystic Fibrosis Cells
      UCSF1988 - 1993NHLBI Grant, Cystic Fiborsis Temperature Sensitive Transformants: Biochmeical and Genetic Analysis
      UCSF1988 - 1991NIDDK Grant: Cystic Fiborsis: Cell Growth and Transformation
      UCSF1986 - 1987REAC Grant; Transformation of Human Airway Epithelial Cells
      UCSF1986 - 1987ASC Grant; Transformation of Human Airway Epithelial Cells
      UCSF1986 - 1988CFRI Grant: Epithelial Cell Transformation for Cystic Fibrosis
      Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Lausanne1982 - 1984Swiss National Science Foundation Fellowship
      American Society of Photobiology 1980Graduate Student Travel Scholarship to International Photobiology Congress
      UCSF1977 - 1982NIH Radiation Biophysics Training Grant

       Overview 
       Overview
      Dr Gruenert is a Professor in the Departments of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Laboratory Medicine at UCSF as well as in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Vermont. He received his Ph.D. in Biophysics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1982. His postdoctoral studies (1982-1984) were in the Department of Carcinogenesis at the Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research. Prior to his present position, he was a Professor of Laboratory Medicine and the Co-Director of the Gene Therapy Core Center at UCSF (1992-1999), Professor of Medicine and Director, Division of Human Molecular Genetics at the University of Vermont (2000-2003), and a Senior Scientist and Head of the Stem Cell Research Program at the California Pacific Medical Center (2003-2010). His research focuses on human cell and molecular biology, nucleic acid delivery, and the development of gene, pharmacological, and cell-based therapies for the treatment of inherited diseases and cancer. His work has led to the development of novel diagnostic and oligo/polynucleotide-based therapeutic strategies to ameliorate disease pathology, as well as to numerous human epithelial cell systems now used in academic and industrial labs throughout the world. His work focuses on development of adult, embryonic, and induced pluripotent stem cells as well as development of novel approaches for generating immortalized cell systems to study the biochemical, molecular, and metabolic mechanisms underlying disease progression and to develop pharmacological, genetic, and/or regenerative therapies. He has > 140 publications and holds 5 patents. Dr. Gruenert is on the Editorial Boards of several scientific journals including Molecular Therapy, Molecular Therapy Nucleic Acids, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Current Drug Discovery, and he is a Senior Editor of Nucleic Acids Therapeutics. He reviews grants for numerous public and private agencies both nationally and internationally including the NIH, the DOD, the VA, the Maryland and Connecticut Stem Cell Programs, the CF Foundation, the Medical Research Council, the German, Italian, and French CF Foundations, the Italian, German and French Ministry of Health/Science. He currently serves on the Ethics Committee (Chair, 2005-2008) and the Oligonucleotide-based Therapy Committee of the ASGCT and was awarded a European Respiratory Society Visiting Professorship to undertake studies at Necker Sick Children's Hospital in Paris (2009) and holds an ongoing Visiting Professorship at Tor Vergata University in Rome. He has consulted for such biotech and pharma firms as Bayer, Boehringer Mannheim, Boehringer Ingelheim, Promega, AMAXA, and Discovery BioMed.

      Research Areas:

      Gene Targeting: Studies to define SFHR and have led to a new paradigm for viewing homologous replacement in human cells. This research has broadened the understanding the mechanistic underpinnings of homologous replacement in human somatic cells. This work has also led us to pursue investigations into the development of transgenic large animal models of disease.

      DNA Delivery: Studies have also focused on non-viral delivery systems ranging from liposomes, polyamidoamines, polyethyleneimines, microinjection, and electroporation for in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo DNA delivery. These studies are critical for identifying viable alternatives to the virally-based approaches for therapeutically delivering DNA into cells and tissue.

      Cancer Gene Therapy: Studies to evaluate the role of connexins in “bystander killing” observed with suicide genes have been undertaken in human epithelial cells and in brain tumor cells. As an outgrowth of this work, connexin genes in both transformed and non-transformed cells have been studied to characterize the role of intercellular communication in modulating neoplastic progression. Cell lines will also be developed from tissue samples head and neck cancers (e.g., endocrine, salivary, squamous) to evaluate the molecular genetic features of specific tumor types and their sensitivity to therapeutic agents.

      Development of Breast Cancer Therapeutic Strategies: Studies have begun to develop a combined therapy based on the killing of hypoxic cells using suicide gene and shRNA inhibition of VEGF. These systems will be evaluated in vitro and in vivo for their ability to enhance the effectiveness of tumor cell killing. In addition, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi) sensitivity and resistance in BRCA2 mutant mammary cells is being evaluated in primary and tumor-derived mammary epithelial cells as well as somatic cell derived iPS cells.

      Epithelial Cell and Molecular Biology/Cell Transformation: The generation and characterization of immortalized cell lines for human genetic disorders and cancer is ongoing. The cells lines are tools to investigate biological pathways associated with various diseases and to develop therapeutic strategies. The cell lines developed in my laboratory have been used internationally to elucidate the cellular and genetic mechanisms that underlie human airway epithelial cell biology and disease pathology, genetic disorders, and cancer biology.

      Stem Cell-Based Tissue Repair: Studies have been undertaken to evaluate the patient-specific therapeutic potential of adult and pluripotent (embryonic and induced) stem cells. In addition, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from CF and SCD individuals have been generated. Enrichment and the determinants for multilineage differentiation are now under investigation. These studies are of particularly relevant for the repair of organ damage caused by a chronic (genetic or non-genetic), an acute traumatic episode, or therapeutic surgery for tumor removal.


       Bibliographic 
       Publications
      Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Researchers can login to make corrections and additions, or contact us for help.
      List All   |   Timeline
      1. Kelly C, Canning P, Buchanan PJ, Williams MT, Brown V, Gruenert DC, Elborn JS, Ennis M, Schock BC. Toll-like receptor 4 is not targeted to the lysosome in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2013 Mar; 304(5):L371-82.
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      2. Gonzalez-Hilarion S, Beghyn T, Jia J, Debreuck N, Berte G, Mamchaoui K, Mouly V, Gruenert DC, Déprez B, Lejeune F. Rescue of nonsense mutations by amlexanox in human cells. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2012; 7:58.
        View in: PubMed
      3. Nimishakavi S, Besprozvannaya M, Raymond WW, Craik CS, Gruenert DC, Caughey GH. Activity and inhibition of prostasin and matriptase on apical and basolateral surfaces of human airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2012 Jul; 303(2):L97-106.
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      4. Mizunoe S, Shuto T, Suzuki S, Matsumoto C, Watanabe K, Ueno-Shuto K, Suico MA, Onuki K, Gruenert DC, Kai H. Synergism between interleukin (IL)-17 and Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 signals to induce IL-8 expression in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells. J Pharmacol Sci. 2012; 118(4):512-20.
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      5. Gruenert DC, Sargent RG. Virus-mediated Genetic Surgery: Homologous Recombination With a Little "Helper" From My Friends. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2012; 1:e2.
        View in: PubMed
      6. de Semir D, Maurisse R, Du F, Xu J, Yang X, Illek B, Gruenert DC. Generation of SV40-transformed rabbit tracheal-epithelial-cell-derived blastocyst by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Cell Tissue Res. 2012 Feb; 347(2):357-67.
        View in: PubMed
      7. John G, Chillappagari S, Rubin BK, Gruenert DC, Henke MO. Reduced surface toll-like receptor-4 expression and absent interferon-?-inducible protein-10 induction in cystic fibrosis airway cells. Exp Lung Res. 2011 Aug; 37(6):319-26.
        View in: PubMed
      8. Sargent RG, Kim S, Gruenert DC. Oligo/polynucleotide-based gene modification: strategies and therapeutic potential. Oligonucleotides. 2011 Mar-Apr; 21(2):55-75.
        View in: PubMed
      9. Illek B, Lei D, Fischer H, Gruenert DC. Sensitivity of chloride efflux vs. transepithelial measurements in mixed CF and normal airway epithelial cell populations. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2010; 26(6):983-90.
        View in: PubMed
      10. LeSimple P, Liao J, Robert R, Gruenert DC, Hanrahan JW. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator trafficking modulates the barrier function of airway epithelial cell monolayers. J Physiol. 2010 Apr 15; 588(Pt 8):1195-209.
        View in: PubMed
      11. Maurisse R, De Semir D, Emamekhoo H, Bedayat B, Abdolmohammadi A, Parsi H, Gruenert DC. Comparative transfection of DNA into primary and transformed mammalian cells from different lineages. BMC Biotechnol. 2010; 10:9.
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      12. Bedayat B, Abdolmohamadi A, Ye L, Maurisse R, Parsi H, Schwarz J, Emamekhoo H, Nicklas JA, O'Neill JP, Gruenert DC. Sequence-specific correction of genomic hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase mutations in lymphoblasts by small fragment homologous replacement. Oligonucleotides. 2010 Feb; 20(1):7-16.
        View in: PubMed
      13. Treharne KJ, Xu Z, Chen JH, Best OG, Cassidy DM, Gruenert DC, Hegyi P, Gray MA, Sheppard DN, Kunzelmann K, Mehta A. Inhibition of protein kinase CK2 closes the CFTR Cl channel, but has no effect on the cystic fibrosis mutant deltaF508-CFTR. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2009; 24(5-6):347-60.
        View in: PubMed
      14. John G, Yildirim AO, Rubin BK, Gruenert DC, Henke MO. TLR-4-mediated innate immunity is reduced in cystic fibrosis airway cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2010 Apr; 42(4):424-31.
        View in: PubMed
      15. Barriere H, Bagdany M, Bossard F, Okiyoneda T, Wojewodka G, Gruenert D, Radzioch D, Lukacs GL. Revisiting the role of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and counterion permeability in the pH regulation of endocytic organelles. Mol Biol Cell. 2009 Jul; 20(13):3125-41.
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      16. Griesenbach U, Meng C, Farley R, Gardner A, Brake MA, Frankel GM, Gruenert DC, Cheng SH, Scheule RK, Alton EW. The role of doxorubicin in non-viral gene transfer in the lung. Biomaterials. 2009 Apr; 30(10):1971-7.
        View in: PubMed
      17. Schwarzer C, Fischer H, Kim EJ, Barber KJ, Mills AD, Kurth MJ, Gruenert DC, Suh JH, Machen TE, Illek B. Oxidative stress caused by pyocyanin impairs CFTR Cl(-) transport in human bronchial epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 2008 Dec 15; 45(12):1653-62.
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      18. Sajjan U, Wang Q, Zhao Y, Gruenert DC, Hershenson MB. Rhinovirus disrupts the barrier function of polarized airway epithelial cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008 Dec 15; 178(12):1271-81.
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      19. Treharne KJ, Crawford RM, Xu Z, Chen JH, Best OG, Schulte EA, Gruenert DC, Wilson SM, Sheppard DN, Kunzelmann K, Mehta A. Protein kinase CK2, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, and the deltaF508 mutation: F508 deletion disrupts a kinase-binding site. J Biol Chem. 2008 Sep 5; 283(36):25103.
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      20. Illek B, Maurisse R, Wahler L, Kunzelmann K, Fischer H, Gruenert DC. Cl transport in complemented CF bronchial epithelial cells correlates with CFTR mRNA expression levels. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2008; 22(1-4):57-68.
        View in: PubMed
      21. Furuta T, Shuto T, Shimasaki S, Ohira Y, Suico MA, Gruenert DC, Kai H. DNA demethylation-dependent enhancement of toll-like receptor-2 gene expression in cystic fibrosis epithelial cells involves SP1-activated transcription. BMC Mol Biol. 2008; 9:39.
        View in: PubMed
      22. Larsen MD, Griesenbach U, Goussard S, Gruenert DC, Geddes DM, Scheule RK, Cheng SH, Courvalin P, Grillot-Courvalin C, Alton EW. Bactofection of lung epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo using a genetically modified Escherichia coli. Gene Ther. 2008 Mar; 15(6):434-42.
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      23. Sangiuolo F, Scaldaferri ML, Filareto A, Spitalieri P, Guerra L, Favia M, Caroppo R, Mango R, Bruscia E, Gruenert DC, Casavola V, De Felici M, Novelli G. Cftr gene targeting in mouse embryonic stem cells mediated by Small Fragment Homologous Replacement (SFHR). Front Biosci. 2008; 13:2989-99.
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      24. Boncoeur E, Criq VS, Bonvin E, Roque T, Henrion-Caude A, Gruenert DC, Clement A, Jacquot J, Tabary O. Oxidative stress induces extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase in cystic fibrosis lung epithelial cells: Potential mechanism for excessive IL-8 expression. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2008; 40(3):432-46.
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      25. Shuto T, Furuta T, Cheung J, Gruenert DC, Ohira Y, Shimasaki S, Suico MA, Sato K, Kai H. Increased responsiveness to TLR2 and TLR4 ligands during dimethylsulfoxide-induced neutrophil-like differentiation of HL-60 myeloid leukemia cells. Leuk Res. 2007 Dec; 31(12):1721-8.
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      26. Treharne KJ, Crawford RM, Xu Z, Chen JH, Best OG, Schulte EA, Gruenert DC, Wilson SM, Sheppard DN, Kunzelmann K, Mehta A. Protein kinase CK2, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, and the deltaF508 mutation: F508 deletion disrupts a kinase-binding site. J Biol Chem. 2007 Apr 6; 282(14):10804-13.
        View in: PubMed
      27. Maurisse R, Cheung J, Widdicombe J, Gruenert DC. Modification of the pig CFTR gene mediated by small fragment homologous replacement. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Oct; 1082:120-3.
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      28. Shuto T, Furuta T, Oba M, Xu H, Li JD, Cheung J, Gruenert DC, Uehara A, Suico MA, Okiyoneda T, Kai H. Promoter hypomethylation of Toll-like receptor-2 gene is associated with increased proinflammatory response toward bacterial peptidoglycan in cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cells. FASEB J. 2006 Apr; 20(6):782-4.
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      29. Crawford RM, Treharne KJ, Best OG, Riemen CE, Muimo R, Gruenert DC, Arnaud-Dabernat S, Daniel JY, Mehta A. NDPK-A (but not NDPK-B) and AMPK alpha1 (but not AMPK alpha2) bind the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in epithelial cell membranes. Cell Signal. 2006 Oct; 18(10):1595-603.
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      30. Maurisse R, Fichou Y, De Semir D, Cheung J, Ferec C, Gruenert DC. Gel purification of genomic DNA removes contaminating small DNA fragments interfering with polymerase chain reaction analysis of small fragment homologous replacement. Oligonucleotides. 2006; 16(4):375-86.
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      31. Goncz KK, Prokopishyn NL, Abdolmohammadi A, Bedayat B, Maurisse R, Davis BR, Gruenert DC. Small fragment homologous replacement-mediated modification of genomic beta-globin sequences in human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Oligonucleotides. 2006; 16(3):213-24.
        View in: PubMed
      32. da Paula AC, Ramalho AS, Farinha CM, Cheung J, Maurisse R, Gruenert DC, Ousingsawat J, Kunzelmann K, Amaral MD. Characterization of novel airway submucosal gland cell models for cystic fibrosis studies. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2005; 15(6):251-62.
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      33. Gruenert DC, Willems M, Cassiman JJ, Frizzell RA. Established cell lines used in cystic fibrosis research. J Cyst Fibros. 2004 Aug; 3 Suppl 2:191-6.
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      34. Gruenert DC, Kunzelmann K, Novelli G, Colosimo A, Kapsa R, Bruscia E. Oligonucleotide-based gene targeting approaches. Oligonucleotides. 2004; 14(2):157-8; author reply 158-60.
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      35. Gruenert DC. Genomic Medicine: Development of DNA as a therapeutic drug for sequence-specific modification of genomic DNA. Discov Med. 2003 Oct; 3(18):58-60.
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      36. Gruenert DC, Bruscia E, Novelli G, Colosimo A, Dallapiccola B, Sangiuolo F, Goncz KK. Sequence-specific modification of genomic DNA by small DNA fragments. J Clin Invest. 2003 Sep; 112(5):637-41.
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      37. Semprini S, Collins CC, Goncz KC, Novelli G, Gruenert DC. Construction and purification of pSABR 01, a pUC19-derived vector optimized for cloning full-length cDNA. Biotechnol Lett. 2003 Aug; 25(15):1275-80.
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      38. Xu Z, Colosimo A, Gruenert DC. Site-directed mutagenesis using the megaprimer method. Methods Mol Biol. 2003; 235:203-7.
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      39. Sangiuolo F, Bruscia E, Serafino A, Nardone AM, Bonifazi E, Lais M, Gruenert DC, Novelli G. In vitro correction of cystic fibrosis epithelial cell lines by small fragment homologous replacement (SFHR) technique. BMC Med Genet. 2002 Sep 23; 3:8.
        View in: PubMed
      40. Bruscia E, Sangiuolo F, Sinibaldi P, Goncz KK, Novelli G, Gruenert DC. Isolation of CF cell lines corrected at DeltaF508-CFTR locus by SFHR-mediated targeting. Gene Ther. 2002 Jun; 9(11):683-5.
        View in: PubMed
      41. Goncz KK, Prokopishyn NL, Chow BL, Davis BR, Gruenert DC. Application of SFHR to gene therapy of monogenic disorders. Gene Ther. 2002 Jun; 9(11):691-4.
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      42. Gruenert DC, Novelli G, Dallapiccola B, Colosimo A. Genome medicine: gene therapy for the millennium, 30 September-3 October 2001, Rome, Italy. Gene Ther. 2002 Jun; 9(11):653-7.
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      43. González-Guerrico AM, Cafferata EG, Radrizzani M, Marcucci F, Gruenert D, Pivetta OH, Favaloro RR, Laguens R, Perrone SV, Gallo GC, Santa-Coloma TA. Tyrosine kinase c-Src constitutes a bridge between cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator channel failure and MUC1 overexpression in cystic fibrosis. J Biol Chem. 2002 May 10; 277(19):17239-47.
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      44. Mossman BT, Gruenert DC. SV40, growth factors, and mesothelioma: another piece of the puzzle. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2002 Feb; 26(2):167-70.
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      45. Novelli G, Gruenert DC. Genome medicine: gene therapy for the millennium. Pharmacogenomics. 2002 Jan; 3(1):15-8.
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      46. Goncz KK, Colosimo A, Dallapiccola B, Gagné L, Hong K, Novelli G, Papahadjopoulos D, Sawa T, Schreier H, Wiener-Kronish J, Xu Z, Gruenert DC. Expression of DeltaF508 CFTR in normal mouse lung after site-specific modification of CFTR sequences by SFHR. Gene Ther. 2001 Jun; 8(12):961-5.
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      47. Colosimo A, Goncz KK, Novelli G, Dallapiccola B, Gruenert DC. Targeted correction of a defective selectable marker gene in human epithelial cells by small DNA fragments. Mol Ther. 2001 Feb; 3(2):178-85.
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      48. Wan H, Winton HL, Soeller C, Taylor GW, Gruenert DC, Thompson PJ, Cannell MB, Stewart GA, Garrod DR, Robinson C. The transmembrane protein occludin of epithelial tight junctions is a functional target for serine peptidases from faecal pellets of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Clin Exp Allergy. 2001 Feb; 31(2):279-94.
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      49. White SR, Wojcik KR, Gruenert D, Sun S, Dorscheid DR. Airway epithelial cell wound repair mediated by alpha-dystroglycan. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2001 Feb; 24(2):179-86.
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      50. Xu Z, Jablons DM, Gruenert DC. Expression sequence tag-specific full-length cDNA cloning: actin cDNAs. Gene. 2001 Jan 24; 263(1-2):265-72.
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      51. Colosimo A, Goncz KK, Holmes AR, Kunzelmann K, Novelli G, Malone RW, Bennett MJ, Gruenert DC. Transfer and expression of foreign genes in mammalian cells. Biotechniques. 2000 Aug; 29(2):314-8, 320-2, 324 passim.
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      52. Wan H, Winton HL, Soeller C, Stewart GA, Thompson PJ, Gruenert DC, Cannell MB, Garrod DR, Robinson C. Tight junction properties of the immortalized human bronchial epithelial cell lines Calu-3 and 16HBE14o-. Eur Respir J. 2000 Jun; 15(6):1058-68.
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      53. Wan H, Winton HL, Soeller C, Gruenert DC, Thompson PJ, Cannell MB, Stewart GA, Garrod DR, Robinson C. Quantitative structural and biochemical analyses of tight junction dynamics following exposure of epithelial cells to house dust mite allergen Der p 1. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000 May; 30(5):685-98.
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      54. Meng QH, Polak JM, Edgar AJ, Chacon MR, Evans TJ, Gruenert DC, Bishop AE. Neutrophils enhance expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in human normal but not cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cells. J Pathol. 2000 Feb; 190(2):126-32.
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      55. Goncz KK, Gruenert DC. Site-directed alteration of genomic DNA by small-fragment homologous replacement. Methods Mol Biol. 2000; 133:85-99.
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      56. Goncz KK, Feeney L, Gruenert DC. Differential sensitivity of normal and cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells to epinephrine. Br J Pharmacol. 1999 Sep; 128(1):227-33.
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      57. DenBesten PK, Gao C, Li W, Mathews CH, Gruenert DC. Development and characterization of an SV40 immortalized porcine ameloblast-like cell line. Eur J Oral Sci. 1999 Aug; 107(4):276-81.
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      58. Gruenert DC. Opportunities and challenges in targeting genes for therapy. Gene Ther. 1999 Aug; 6(8):1347-8.
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      59. Wan H, Winton HL, Soeller C, Tovey ER, Gruenert DC, Thompson PJ, Stewart GA, Taylor GW, Garrod DR, Cannell MB, Robinson C. Der p 1 facilitates transepithelial allergen delivery by disruption of tight junctions. J Clin Invest. 1999 Jul; 104(1):123-33.
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      60. Holmes AR, Dohrman AF, Ellison AR, Goncz KK, Gruenert DC. Intracellular compartmentalization of DNA fragments in cultured airway epithelial cells mediated by cationic lipids. Pharm Res. 1999 Jul; 16(7):1020-5.
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      61. Colosimo A, Xu Z, Novelli G, Dallapiccola B, Gruenert DC. Simple version of "megaprimer" PCR for site-directed mutagenesis. Biotechniques. 1999 May; 26(5):870-3.
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      62. Davies J, Dewar A, Bush A, Pitt T, Gruenert D, Geddes DM, Alton EW. Reduction in the adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to native cystic fibrosis epithelium with anti-asialoGM1 antibody and neuraminidase inhibition. Eur Respir J. 1999 Mar; 13(3):565-70.
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      63. Laan M, Cui ZH, Hoshino H, Lötvall J, Sjöstrand M, Gruenert DC, Skoogh BE, Lindén A. Neutrophil recruitment by human IL-17 via C-X-C chemokine release in the airways. J Immunol. 1999 Feb 15; 162(4):2347-52.
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      64. Goncz KK, Kunzelmann K, Xu Z, Gruenert DC. Targeted replacement of normal and mutant CFTR sequences in human airway epithelial cells using DNA fragments. Hum Mol Genet. 1998 Nov; 7(12):1913-9.
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      65. Taylor AL, Kudlow BA, Marrs KL, Gruenert DC, Guggino WB, Schwiebert EM. Bioluminescence detection of ATP release mechanisms in epithelia. Am J Physiol. 1998 Nov; 275(5 Pt 1):C1391-406.
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      66. Winton HL, Wan H, Cannell MB, Gruenert DC, Thompson PJ, Garrod DR, Stewart GA, Robinson C. Cell lines of pulmonary and non-pulmonary origin as tools to study the effects of house dust mite proteinases on the regulation of epithelial permeability. Clin Exp Allergy. 1998 Oct; 28(10):1273-85.
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      67. Ellison AR, Nouspikel T, Jaspers NG, Clarkson SG, Gruenert DC. Complementation of transformed fibroblasts from patients with combined xeroderma pigmentosum-Cockayne syndrome. Exp Cell Res. 1998 Aug 25; 243(1):22-8.
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      68. Aberle AM, Tablin F, Zhu J, Walker NJ, Gruenert DC, Nantz MH. A novel tetraester construct that reduces cationic lipid-associated cytotoxicity. Implications for the onset of cytotoxicity. Biochemistry. 1998 May 5; 37(18):6533-40.
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      69. Stern M, Sorgi F, Hughes C, Caplen NJ, Browning JE, Middleton PG, Gruenert DC, Farr SJ, Huang L, Geddes DM, Alton EW. The effects of jet nebulisation on cationic liposome-mediated gene transfer in vitro. Gene Ther. 1998 May; 5(5):583-93.
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      70. Xu Z, Gupta V, Lei D, Holmes A, Carlson E, Gruenert DC. In-frame elimination of exon 10 in Cftrtm1Unc CF mice. Gene. 1998 Apr 28; 211(1):117-23.
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      71. Meng QH, Springall DR, Bishop AE, Morgan K, Evans TJ, Habib S, Gruenert DC, Gyi KM, Hodson ME, Yacoub MH, Polak JM. Lack of inducible nitric oxide synthase in bronchial epithelium: a possible mechanism of susceptibility to infection in cystic fibrosis. J Pathol. 1998 Mar; 184(3):323-31.
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      72. Polette M, Gilles C, de Bentzmann S, Gruenert D, Tournier JM, Birembaut P. Association of fibroblastoid features with the invasive phenotype in human bronchial cancer cell lines. Clin Exp Metastasis. 1998 Feb; 16(2):105-12.
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      73. Burwinkel RP, Gruenert DC, Upshaw RT, Infeld MD. Promoting matrix invasion by human lung epithelial cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 1998 Jan; 34(1):22-4.
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      74. Stern M, Caplen NJ, Browning JE, Griesenbach U, Sorgi F, Huang L, Gruenert DC, Marriot C, Crystal RG, Geddes DM, Alton EW. The effect of mucolytic agents on gene transfer across a CF sputum barrier in vitro. Gene Ther. 1998 Jan; 5(1):91-8.
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      75. Quissell DO, Barzen KA, Gruenert DC, Redman RS, Camden JM, Turner JT. Development and characterization of SV40 immortalized rat submandibular acinar cell lines. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 1997 Mar; 33(3):164-73.
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      76. Kunzelmann K, Legendre JY, Knoell DL, Escobar LC, Xu Z, Gruenert DC. Gene targeting of CFTR DNA in CF epithelial cells. Gene Ther. 1996 Oct; 3(10):859-67.
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      77. Rugolo M, Barzanti F, Gruenert DC, Hrelia S. Histamine activates phospholipase C in human airway epithelial cells via a phorbol ester-sensitive pathway. Am J Physiol. 1996 Oct; 271(4 Pt 1):L665-71.
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      78. Lei DC, Kunzelmann K, Koslowsky T, Yezzi MJ, Escobar LC, Xu Z, Ellison AR, Rommens JM. Episomal expression of wild-type CFTR corrects cAMP-dependent chloride transport in respiratory epithelial cells. Gene Ther. 1996 May; 3(5):427-36.
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      79. Alton EW, Kingsleigh-Smith DJ, Munkonge FM, Smith SN, Lindsay AR, Gruenert DC, Jeffery PK, Norris A, Geddes DM, Williams AJ. Asthma prophylaxis agents alter the function of an airway epithelial chloride channel. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1996 Apr; 14(4):380-7.
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      80. Gruenert DC. Cystic fibrosis therapy--where we are and how we got there. West J Med. 1996 Apr; 164(4):361-2.
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      81. Xu Z, Gruenert DC. Human CFTR gene sequences in regions flanking exon 10: a simple repeat sequence polymorphism in intron 9. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996 Feb 6; 219(1):140-5.
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      82. Kunzelmann K, Kathöfer S, Hipper A, Gruenert DC, Gregner R. Culture-dependent expression of Na+ conductances in airway epithelial cells. Pflugers Arch. 1996 Feb; 431(4):578-86.
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      83. Hopfer U, Jacobberger JW, Gruenert DC, Eckert RL, Jat PS, Whitsett JA. Immortalization of epithelial cells. Am J Physiol. 1996 Jan; 270(1 Pt 1):C1-11.
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      84. Mergey M, Lemnaouar M, Veissiere D, Perricaudet M, Gruenert DC, Picard J, Capeau J, Brahimi-Horn MC, Paul A. CFTR gene transfer corrects defective glycoconjugate secretion in human CF epithelial tracheal cells. Am J Physiol. 1995 Dec; 269(6 Pt 1):L855-64.
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      85. Caplen NJ, Kinrade E, Sorgi F, Gao X, Gruenert D, Geddes D, Coutelle C, Huang L, Alton EW, Williamson R. In vitro liposome-mediated DNA transfection of epithelial cell lines using the cationic liposome DC-Chol/DOPE. Gene Ther. 1995 Nov; 2(9):603-13.
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      86. Kunzelmann K, Lei DC, Eng K, Escobar LC, Koslowsky T, Gruenert DC. Epithelial cell specific properties and genetic complementation in a delta F508 cystic fibrosis nasal polyp cell line. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 1995 Sep; 31(8):617-24.
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      87. Della Gaspera B, Weinman S, Huber C, Lemnaouar M, Paul A, Picard J, Gruenert DC. Overexpression of annexin V in cystic fibrosis epithelial cells from fetal trachea. Exp Cell Res. 1995 Aug; 219(2):379-83.
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      88. Schwiebert EM, Gruenert DC, Guggino WB, Stanton BA. G protein G alpha i-2 inhibits outwardly rectifying chloride channels in human airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol. 1995 Aug; 269(2 Pt 1):C451-6.
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      89. Gruenert DC, Finkbeiner WE, Widdicombe JH. Culture and transformation of human airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol. 1995 Mar; 268(3 Pt 1):L347-60.
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      90. Bennett MJ, Nantz MH, Balasubramaniam RP, Gruenert DC, Malone RW. Cholesterol enhances cationic liposome-mediated DNA transfection of human respiratory epithelial cells. Biosci Rep. 1995 Feb; 15(1):47-53.
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      91. Koslowsky T, Hug T, Ecke D, Klein P, Greger R, Gruenert DC, Kunzelmann K. Ca(2+)- and swelling-induced activation of ion conductances in bronchial epithelial cells. Pflugers Arch. 1994 Oct; 428(5-6):597-603.
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      92. Kunzelmann K, Koslowsky T, Hug T, Gruenert DC, Greger R. cAMP-dependent activation of ion conductances in bronchial epithelial cells. Pflugers Arch. 1994 Oct; 428(5-6):590-6.
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      93. Schwiebert EM, Gesek F, Ercolani L, Wjasow C, Gruenert DC, Karlson K, Stanton BA. Heterotrimeric G proteins, vesicle trafficking, and CFTR Cl- channels. Am J Physiol. 1994 Jul; 267(1 Pt 1):C272-81.
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      94. Chao AC, Zifferblatt JB, Wagner JA, Dong YJ, Gruenert DC, Gardner P. Stimulation of chloride secretion by P1 purinoceptor agonists in cystic fibrosis phenotype airway epithelial cell line CFPEo-. Br J Pharmacol. 1994 May; 112(1):169-75.
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      95. Rasola A, Galietta LJ, Gruenert DC, Romeo G. Volume-sensitive chloride currents in four epithelial cell lines are not directly correlated to the expression of the MDR-1 gene. J Biol Chem. 1994 Jan 14; 269(2):1432-6.
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      96. Cozens AL, Yezzi MJ, Kunzelmann K, Ohrui T, Chin L, Eng K, Finkbeiner WE, Widdicombe JH, Gruenert DC. CFTR expression and chloride secretion in polarized immortal human bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1994 Jan; 10(1):38-47.
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      97. Rugolo M, Mastrocola T, Whörle C, Rasola A, Gruenert DC, Romeo G, Galietta LJ. ATP and A1 adenosine receptor agonists mobilize intracellular calcium and activate K+ and Cl- currents in normal and cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells. J Biol Chem. 1993 Nov 25; 268(33):24779-84.
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      98. Shen BQ, Barthelson RA, Skach W, Gruenert DC, Sigal E, Mrsny RJ, Widdicombe JH. Mechanism of inhibition of cAMP-dependent epithelial chloride secretion by phorbol esters. J Biol Chem. 1993 Sep 5; 268(25):19070-5.
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      99. Kunzelmann K, Schwiebert EM, Zeitlin PL, Kuo WL, Stanton BA, Gruenert DC. An immortalized cystic fibrosis tracheal epithelial cell line homozygous for the delta F508 CFTR mutation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1993 May; 8(5):522-9.
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      100. Gross TJ, Cobb SM, Gruenert DC, Peterson MW. Asbestos exposure increases human bronchial epithelial cell fibrinolytic activity. Am J Physiol. 1993 Mar; 264(3 Pt 1):L276-83.
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      101. Haws C, Krouse ME, Xia Y, Gruenert DC, Wine JJ. CFTR channels in immortalized human airway cells. Am J Physiol. 1992 Dec; 263(6 Pt 1):L692-707.
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      102. Farah SB, Gruenert DC, Lepercq JA, Chueh J, Metzger A, Sartorato EL, Lebo RV, Golbus MS. Isolation and characterization of Y chromosome DNA probes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Nov 30; 189(1):581-9.
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      103. Tosi MF, Stark JM, Hamedani A, Smith CW, Gruenert DC, Huang YT. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)-dependent and ICAM-1-independent adhesive interactions between polymorphonuclear leukocytes and human airway epithelial cells infected with parainfluenza virus type 2. J Immunol. 1992 Nov 15; 149(10):3345-9.
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      104. Schwiebert EM, Kizer N, Gruenert DC, Stanton BA. GTP-binding proteins inhibit cAMP activation of chloride channels in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Nov 15; 89(22):10623-7.
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      105. Rasola A, Galietta LJ, Gruenert DC, Romeo G. Ionic selectivity of volume-sensitive currents in human epithelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1992 Aug 25; 1139(4):319-23.
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      106. Tosi MF, Stark JM, Smith CW, Hamedani A, Gruenert DC, Infeld MD. Induction of ICAM-1 expression on human airway epithelial cells by inflammatory cytokines: effects on neutrophil-epithelial cell adhesion. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1992 Aug; 7(2):214-21.
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      107. Wagner JA, McDonald TV, Nghiem PT, Lowe AW, Schulman H, Gruenert DC, Stryer L, Gardner P. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator inhibit cAMP-activated but not calcium-activated chloride currents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 1; 89(15):6785-9.
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      108. Saiman L, Cacalano G, Gruenert D, Prince A. Comparison of adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to respiratory epithelial cells from cystic fibrosis patients and healthy subjects. Infect Immun. 1992 Jul; 60(7):2808-14.
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      109. Galietta LJ, Rasola A, Rugolo M, Zottini M, Mastrocola T, Gruenert DC, Romeo G. Extracellular 2-chloroadenosine and ATP stimulate volume-sensitive Cl- current and calcium mobilization in human tracheal 9HTEo- cells. FEBS Lett. 1992 Jun 8; 304(1):61-5.
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      110. Cozens AL, Yezzi MJ, Chin L, Simon EM, Finkbeiner WE, Wagner JA, Gruenert DC. Characterization of immortal cystic fibrosis tracheobronchial gland epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Jun 1; 89(11):5171-5.
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      111. Stark JM, Smith CW, Gruenert DC, Tosi MF. Neutrophil adhesion to parainfluenza virus-infected human airway epithelial cells. Possible contributions of ICAM-1-dependent and ICAM-1-independent mechanisms. Chest. 1992 Mar; 101(3 Suppl):40S-41S.
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      112. Zeitlin PL, Crawford I, Lu L, Woel S, Cohen ME, Donowitz M, Montrose MH, Hamosh A, Cutting GR, Gruenert D, et al. CFTR protein expression in primary and cultured epithelia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Jan 1; 89(1):344-7.
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      113. Galietta LJ, Rasola A, Barone V, Gruenert DC, Romeo G. A forskolin and verapamil sensitive K+ current in human tracheal cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991 Sep 30; 179(3):1155-60.
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      114. Barasch J, Kiss B, Prince A, Saiman L, Gruenert D, al-Awqati Q. Defective acidification of intracellular organelles in cystic fibrosis. Nature. 1991 Jul 4; 352(6330):70-3.
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      115. Ward CL, Krouse ME, Gruenert DC, Kopito RR, Wine JJ. Cystic fibrosis gene expression is not correlated with rectifying Cl- channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Jun 15; 88(12):5277-81.
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      116. Gruenert DC, Cozens AL. Inheritance of phenotype in mammalian cells: genetic vs. epigenetic mechanisms. Am J Physiol. 1991 Jun; 260(6 Pt 1):L386-94.
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      117. Wagner JA, Cozens AL, Schulman H, Gruenert DC, Stryer L, Gardner P. Activation of chloride channels in normal and cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells by multifunctional calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. Nature. 1991 Feb 28; 349(6312):793-6.
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      118. Jenkins LS, Gruenert DC, Jenkins EC, Schonberg SA. Transformation and establishment of fragile X cell lines from amniocytes. Am J Med Genet. 1991 Feb-Mar; 38(2-3):416-7.
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      119. Borson DB, Gruenert DC. Glucocorticoids induce neutral endopeptidase in transformed human tracheal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol. 1991 Feb; 260(2 Pt 1):L83-9.
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      120. Galietta LJ, Barone V, Gruenert DC, Romeo G. A chloride conductance evoked by hypotonic shock in epithelial cells. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1991; 290:307-16; discussion 316-7.
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      121. Reiss TF, Gruenert DC, Nadel JA, Jacoby DB. Infection of cultured human airway epithelial cells by influenza A virus. Life Sci. 1991; 49(16):1173-81.
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      122. Cozens AL, Yezzi MJ, Chin L, Simon EM, Friend DS, Gruenert DC. Chloride ion transport in transformed normal and cystic fibrosis epithelial cells. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1991; 290:187-94; discussion 194-6.
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      123. Yang TC, Gruenert DC, Holley WR, Curtis SB. Response of cultured human airway epithelial cells to X-rays and energetic alpha-particles. Int J Radiat Biol. 1990 Sep; 58(3):509-17.
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      124. Gruenert DC, Basbaum CB, Widdicombe JH. Long-term culture of normal and cystic fibrosis epithelial cells grown under serum-free conditions. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol. 1990 Apr; 26(4):411-8.
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      125. Bigby TD, Lee DM, Meslier N, Gruenert DC. Leukotriene A4 hydrolase activity of human airway epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Oct 16; 164(1):1-7.
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      126. Smith DR, Fulton TR, Swain P, Bowcock A, Daneshvar L, Traver C, Gruenert DC, Davis R, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Donis-Keller H. Cystic fibrosis: diagnostic testing and the search for the gene. Clin Chem. 1989 Jul; 35(7 Suppl):B17-20.
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      127. Hwang TC, Lu L, Zeitlin PL, Gruenert DC, Huganir R, Guggino WB. Cl- channels in CF: lack of activation by protein kinase C and cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Science. 1989 Jun 16; 244(4910):1351-3.
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      128. Gruenert DC, Basbaum CB, Welsh MJ, Li M, Finkbeiner WE, Nadel JA. Characterization of human tracheal epithelial cells transformed by an origin-defective simian virus 40. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Aug; 85(16):5951-5.
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      129. Gruenert DC, Cleaver JE. Repair of psoralen-induced cross-links and monoadducts in normal and repair-deficient human fibroblasts. Cancer Res. 1985 Nov; 45(11 Pt 1):5399-404.
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      130. Gruenert DC, Ashwood-Smith M, Mitchell RH, Cleaver JE. Induction of DNA-DNA cross-link formation in human cells by various psoralen derivatives. Cancer Res. 1985 Nov; 45(11 Pt 1):5394-8.
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      131. Cleaver JE, Killpack S, Gruenert DC. Formation and repair of psoralen-DNA adducts and pyrimidine dimers in human DNA and chromatin. Environ Health Perspect. 1985 Oct; 62:127-34.
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      132. Gruenert DC, Kapp LN, Cleaver JE. Inhibition of DNA synthesis by psoralen-induced lesions in xeroderma pigmentosum and Fanconi's anemia fibroblasts. Photochem Photobiol. 1985 May; 41(5):543-50.
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      133. Gruenert DC, Cleaver JE. Sensitivity of mitomycin C and nitrogen mustard crosslinks to extreme alkaline conditions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1984 Sep 17; 123(2):549-54.
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      134. Cleaver JE, Gruenert DC. Repair of psoralen adducts in human DNA: differences among xeroderma pigmentosum complementation groups. J Invest Dermatol. 1984 Apr; 82(4):311-5.
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      135. Gruenert DC, Cleaver JE. Repair of ultraviolet damage in human cells also exposed to agents that cause strand breaks, crosslinks, monoadducts and alkylations. Chem Biol Interact. 1981 Jan; 33(2-3):163-77.
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      136. Liu ST, Gruenert D, Knight CA. Bound Form Indole-3-acetic Acid Synthesis in Tumorous and Nontumorous Species of Nicotiana. Plant Physiol. 1978 Jan; 61(1):50-3.
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