Anthony Muiru, MD, MPH

Title(s)Assistant Professor, Medicine
SchoolSchool of Medicine
Address500 Parnassus Avenue, #E411
San Francisco CA 94117
Phone415-476-5773
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    Collapse Biography 
    Collapse Education and Training
    University of California, BerkeleyB.A.05/2006Molecular & Cell Biology
    Harvard Medical School, BostonM.D.05/2012
    Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston05/2016Internal Medicine
    Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, BostonM.P.H05/2016
    University of California, San Francisco07/2018Nephrology
    University of California, San Francisco2020Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Champion Training

    Collapse Overview 
    Collapse Overview
    My desire to pursue a career in nephrology was catalyzed by the devastation from loss of lives due to chronic kidney disease (CKD) that I witnessed in rural Uganda and Kenya. Kidney replacement therapy is extremely scarce in this setting; those who require this life-sustaining therapy often succumb to their illness. During my clinical training in the U.S., I was further motivated to pursue a career in nephrology as I witnessed the disproportionate burden of end stage kidney disease among African Americans.

    My research is focused on understanding the determinants of kidney disease among individuals living in rural East Africa and African Americans.

    In addition, I am committed to creating a more diverse, inclusive and supportive community at UCSF.

    Collapse Research 
    Collapse Research Activities and Funding
    SEARCH-CKD: The nature of chronic kidney disease and elevated blood pressure in sub-Saharan Africa.
    NIH K23DK119562Jul 1, 2021 - Mar 31, 2026
    Role: Principal Investigator

    Collapse Bibliographic 
    Collapse Publications
    Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Researchers can login to make corrections and additions, or contact us for help. to make corrections and additions.
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    Altmetrics Details PMC Citations indicate the number of times the publication was cited by articles in PubMed Central, and the Altmetric score represents citations in news articles and social media. (Note that publications are often cited in additional ways that are not shown here.) Fields are based on how the National Library of Medicine (NLM) classifies the publication's journal and might not represent the specific topic of the publication. Translation tags are based on the publication type and the MeSH terms NLM assigns to the publication. Some publications (especially newer ones and publications not in PubMed) might not yet be assigned Field or Translation tags.) Click a Field or Translation tag to filter the publications.
    1. Dipstick Leukocyturia as a Kidney Damage Biomarker in Rural Uganda and Kenya. Kidney Medicine. 2024 Aug 1; 100895. Mohamed MS, Hsu HC, Charlebois CE, Kabami KJ, Atukunda AM, Ayieko AJ, Orori OG, Hickey HM, Petersen PM, Kamya KM, Havlir HD, Estrella EM, Muiru MA. .
      View in: Publisher Site   Mentions:
    2. WCN24-1590 APOL1 RISK VARIANTS AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) IN RURAL UGANDA AND KENYA: THE SEARCH-CKD STUDY. Kidney International Reports. 2024 Apr 1; 9(4):s344-s345. Muiru MA, Ayieko AJ, Kabami KJ, Atukunda AM, Orori OG, Abraham AM, Chan CW, Hickey HM, Charlebois CE, Kamya KM, Petersen PM, Havlir HD, Estrella EM, Hsu HC. .
      View in: Publisher Site   Mentions:
    3. Web Exclusive. Annals On Call - Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease Progression. Ann Intern Med. 2023 10; 176(10):eA220020. Centor RM, Hsu CY, Muiru AN. PMID: 37844319.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    
    4. Risk for Chronic Kidney Disease Progression After Acute Kidney Injury: Findings From the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2023 07; 176(7):961-968. Muiru AN, Hsu JY, Zhang X, Appel LJ, Chen J, Cohen DL, Drawz PE, Freedman BI, Go AS, He J, Horwitz EJ, Hsu RK, Lash JP, Liu KD, McCoy IE, Porter A, Rao P, Ricardo AC, Rincon-Choles H, Sondheimer J, Taliercio J, Unruh M, Hsu CY, CRIC Study Investigators. PMID: 37429030; PMCID: PMC10829039.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 6     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    5. Effect of Adopting the New Race-Free 2021 Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Creatinine Equation on Racial Differences in Kidney Disease Progression Among People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: An Observational Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2023 02 08; 76(3):461-468. Muiru AN, Madden E, Scherzer R, Horberg MA, Silverberg MJ, Klein MB, Mayor AM, John Gill M, Napravnik S, Crane HM, Marconi VC, Koethe JR, Abraham AG, Althoff KN, Lucas GM, Moore RD, Shlipak MG, Estrella MM. PMID: 36069064; PMCID: PMC10169400.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 3     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    6. Clinical Risk Factors For Kidney Tubule Biomarker Abnormalities Among Hypertensive Adults With Reduced eGFR in the SPRINT Trial. Am J Hypertens. 2022 12 08; 35(12):1006-1013. Ikeme JC, Katz R, Muiru AN, Estrella MM, Scherzer R, Garimella PS, Hallan SI, Peralta CA, Ix JH, Shlipak MG. PMID: 36094158; PMCID: PMC9729764.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    7. Association of Mild-to-Moderate AKI With Decline in eGFRcys vs. eGFRcr Among Individuals With CKD: The CRIC Study. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2022 Nov 1; 33(11S):65-65. Muiru MA, Hsu HJ, Zhang ZX, Taliercio TJ, Sondheimer SJ, Ricardo RA, McCoy MI, Liu LK, Lash LJ, Horwitz HE, He HJ, Go GA, Freedman FB, Drawz DP, Chen CJ, Appel AL, Hsu HC. .
      View in: Publisher Site   Mentions:
    8. APOL1 Genetic Testing in Patients With Recent African Ancestry and Hypertension: A Pilot Study of Attitudes and Perceptions. Kidney Med. 2022 Dec; 4(12):100549. Lentine KL, Muiru AN, Lindsay KK, Caliskan Y, Edwards JC, Memon AA, Mosman AK, Miyata KN, Vo TM, Freedman BI, Carriker A, Hsu CY, Philipneri MD. PMID: 36573119; PMCID: PMC9788954.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 3  
    9. Absence of long-term changes in urine biomarkers after AKI: findings from the CRIC study. BMC Nephrol. 2022 09 13; 23(1):311. McCoy IE, Hsu JY, Bonventre JV, Parikh CR, Go AS, Liu KD, Ricardo AC, Srivastava A, Cohen DL, He J, Chen J, Rao PS, Muiru AN, Hsu CY. PMID: 36100915; PMCID: PMC9472364.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    10. Association of Race and Ethnicity With Prescription of SGLT2 Inhibitors and GLP1 Receptor Agonists Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes in the Veterans Health Administration System. JAMA. 2022 09 06; 328(9):861-871. Lamprea-Montealegre JA, Madden E, Tummalapalli SL, Peralta C, Neilands TB, Garcia PK, Muiru A, Karliner L, Shlipak MG, Estrella MM. PMID: 36066519; PMCID: PMC9449794.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 21     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    11. Association of Intra-individual Differences in Estimated GFR by Creatinine Versus Cystatin C With Incident Heart Failure. Am J Kidney Dis. 2022 12; 80(6):762-772.e1. Chen DC, Shlipak MG, Scherzer R, Bansal N, Potok OA, Rifkin DE, Ix JH, Muiru AN, Hsu CY, Estrella MM. PMID: 35817274; PMCID: PMC9691565.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 9     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    12. Black and White Adults With CKD Hospitalized With Acute Kidney Injury: Findings From the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2022 11; 80(5):610-618.e1. Muiru AN, Yang J, Derebail VK, Liu KD, Feldman HI, Srivastava A, Bhat Z, Saraf SL, Chen TK, He J, Estrella MM, Go AS, Hsu CY, CRIC Study Investigators. PMID: 35405207; PMCID: PMC9547036.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    13. Associations of Lack of Insurance and Other Sociodemographic Traits With Follow-up After Living Kidney Donation. Am J Kidney Dis. 2022 11; 80(5):683-685. Lam NN, Muiru AN, Tietjen A, Hays RE, Xiao H, Garg AX, McNatt G, Howey R, Thomas CP, Sarabu N, Wooley C, Kasiske BL, Lentine KL. PMID: 35301049.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    14. Association of Intraindividual Difference in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate by Creatinine vs Cystatin C and End-stage Kidney Disease and Mortality. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 02 01; 5(2):e2148940. Chen DC, Shlipak MG, Scherzer R, Bauer SR, Potok OA, Rifkin DE, Ix JH, Muiru AN, Hsu CY, Estrella MM. PMID: 35175342; PMCID: PMC8855239.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 14     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    15. The incidence of and risk factors for hospitalized acute kidney injury among people living with HIV on antiretroviral treatment. HIV Med. 2022 07; 23(6):611-619. Muiru AN, Madden E, Chilingirian A, Rubinsky AD, Scherzer R, Moore R, Villalobos CPC, Monroy Trujillo JM, Parikh CR, Hsu CY, Shlipak MG, Estrella MM. PMID: 34897925; PMCID: PMC9177550.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    16. Attitudes and Perceptions of APOL1 Genetic Testing in Black Patients with Hypertension: A Pilot Study. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2021 Oct 1; 32(10S):414-414. Lentine LK, Muiru MA, Lindsay LK, Mosman MA, Caliskan CY, Freedman FB, Carriker CA, Hsu HC, Miyata MK, Vo VT, Edwards EJ, Philipneri PM. .
      View in: Publisher Site   Mentions:
    17. Microscopic Hematuria and Leukocyturia Are Highly Prevalent in East Africa and Associated with CKD. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2021 Oct 1; 32(10S):706-706. Muiru MA, Kabami KJ, Kamya KM, Havlir HD, Charlebois CE, Estrella EM, Hsu HC. .
      View in: Publisher Site   Mentions:
    18. Race, Genetic Ancestry, and GFR Estimation: Findings from the CRIC Study. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2021 Oct 1; 32(10S):20-20. Hsu HC, Yang YW, Parikh PR, Anderson AA, Chen CT, Cohen CD, He HJ, Mohanty MM, Lash LJ, Mills MK, Muiru MA, Parsa PA, Saunders SM, Shafi ST, Townsend TR, Waikar WS, Wang WJ, Wolf WM, Tan TT, Feldman FH, Go GA. .
      View in: Publisher Site   Mentions:
    19. Non-GFR Determinants of Serum Creatinine and Race in GFR Estimating Equations: Findings from the CRIC Study. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2021 Oct 1; 32(10S):711-711. Hsu HC, Yang YW, Parikh PR, Anderson AA, Chen CT, Cohen CD, He HJ, Mohanty MM, Lash LJ, Mills MK, Muiru MA, Parsa PA, Saunders SM, Shafi ST, Townsend TR, Waikar WS, Wang WJ, Wolf WM, Tan TT, Feldman FH, Go GA. .
      View in: Publisher Site   Mentions:
    20. Associations of CKD Risk Factors and Longitudinal Changes in Urine Biomarkers of Kidney Tubules Among Women Living with HIV. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2021 Oct 1; 32(10S):689-689. Muiru MA, Scherzer SR, Ascher AS, Jotwani JV, Ng ND, Gustafson GD, Spence SA, Parikh PC, Sharma SA, Ix IJ, Estrella EM, Shlipak SM. .
      View in: Publisher Site   Mentions:
    21. How Removing the Race Coefficient from eGFR Equations Impacts Racial Differences in CKD Progression Among People with HIV. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2021 Oct 1; 32(10S):20-21. Muiru MA, Madden ME, Shlipak SM, Estrella EM. .
      View in: Publisher Site   Mentions:
    22. Association of Mild-to-Moderate AKI with CKD Progression Among Individuals with CKD: The CRIC Study. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2021 Oct 1; 32(10S):42-42. Muiru MA, Hsu HJ, Liu LK, Drawz DP, Ricardo RA, Lash LJ, Taliercio TJ, Horwitz HE, Sondheimer SJ, Chen CJ, He HJ, Appel AL, Go GA, Hsu HC. .
      View in: Publisher Site   Mentions:
    23. Lack of Insurance Predicts with Follow-up Deficiencies After Living Kidney Donation. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2021 Oct 1; 32(10S):658-658. Lentine LK, Lam LN, Muiru MA, Tietjen TA, Xiao XH, Thomas TC, Mcnatt MG, Garg GA, Sarabu SN, Kasiske KB. .
      View in: Publisher Site   Mentions:
    24. The Incidence and Risk Factors of AKI Among People with HIV on Antiretroviral Treatment. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2021 Oct 1; 32(10S):1-1. Muiru MA, Madden ME, Scherzer SR, Parikh PC, Hsu HC, Shlipak SM, Estrella EM. .
      View in: Publisher Site   Mentions:
    25. Race, Genetic Ancestry, and Estimating Kidney Function in CKD. N Engl J Med. 2021 11 04; 385(19):1750-1760. Hsu CY, Yang W, Parikh RV, Anderson AH, Chen TK, Cohen DL, He J, Mohanty MJ, Lash JP, Mills KT, Muiru AN, Parsa A, Saunders MR, Shafi T, Townsend RR, Waikar SS, Wang J, Wolf M, Tan TC, Feldman HI, Go AS, CRIC Study Investigators. PMID: 34554660; PMCID: PMC8994696.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 73     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    26. Associations of CKD risk factors and longitudinal changes in urine biomarkers of kidney tubules among women living with HIV. BMC Nephrol. 2021 08 30; 22(1):296. Muiru AN, Scherzer R, Ascher SB, Jotwani V, Grunfeld C, Shigenaga J, Spaulding KA, Ng DK, Gustafson D, Spence AB, Sharma A, Cohen MH, Parikh CR, Ix JH, Estrella MM, Shlipak MG. PMID: 34461840; PMCID: PMC8406753.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 4     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    27. Kidney tubule health scores and their associations with incident CKD in women living with HIV. HIV Med. 2021 08; 22(7):527-537. Ascher SB, Scherzer R, Estrella MM, Muiru AN, Jotwani VK, Grunfeld C, Shigenaga J, Spaulding KA, Ng DK, Gustafson D, Spence AB, Sharma A, Cohen MH, Parikh CR, Ix JH, Shlipak MG. PMID: 33751761; PMCID: PMC8803539.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 3     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    28. The Distribution of APOL1 Risk Variants and Their Association with CKD in Rural East Africa: The SEARCH-CKD Study. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2020 Oct 1; 31(10S):518-518. Muiru MA, Elly EA, Kabami KJ, Atukunda AM, Chan CW, Puck PJ, Charlebois CE, Havlir HD, Kamya KM, Estrella EM, Hsu HC. .
      View in: Publisher Site   Mentions:
    29. The epidemiology of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in rural East Africa: A population-based study. PLoS One. 2020; 15(3):e0229649. Muiru AN, Charlebois ED, Balzer LB, Kwarisiima D, Elly A, Black D, Okiror S, Kabami J, Atukunda M, Snyman K, Petersen M, Kamya M, Havlir D, Estrella MM, Hsu CY. PMID: 32130245; PMCID: PMC7055898.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 15     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    30. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate initiation and changes in urinary biomarker concentrations among HIV-infected men and women. AIDS. 2019 03 15; 33(4):723-733. Zhang WR, Scherzer R, Estrella MM, Ascher SB, Muiru A, Jotwani V, Grunfeld C, Parikh CR, Gustafson D, Kassaye S, Sharma A, Cohen M, Tien PC, Ng DK, Palella FJ, Witt MD, Ho K, Shlipak MG. PMID: 30830887; PMCID: PMC6400312.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 9     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    31. Kidney disease risk factors associate with urine biomarkers concentrations in HIV-positive persons; a cross-sectional study. BMC Nephrol. 2019 01 03; 20(1):4. Muiru AN, Shlipak MG, Scherzer R, Zhang WR, Ascher SB, Jotwani V, Grunfeld C, Parikh CR, Ng D, Palella FJ, Ho K, Kassaye S, Sharma A, Cohen M, Wang R, Qi Q, Estrella MM. PMID: 30606136; PMCID: PMC6318986.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 7     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    32. Association of Urinary Biomarkers of Kidney Injury with Estimated GFR Decline in HIV-Infected Individuals following Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Initiation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018 09 07; 13(9):1321-1329. Ascher SB, Scherzer R, Estrella MM, Zhang WR, Muiru AN, Jotwani V, Grunfeld C, Parikh CR, Gustafson D, Young M, Sharma A, Cohen MH, Ng DK, Palella FJ, Witt MD, Ho K, Shlipak MG. PMID: 30154221; PMCID: PMC6140559.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 11     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    33. Distribution and Performance of Cardiovascular Risk Scores in a Mixed Population of HIV-Infected and Community-Based HIV-Uninfected Individuals in Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018 08 01; 78(4):458-464. Muiru AN, Bibangambah P, Hemphill L, Sentongo R, Kim JH, Triant VA, Bangsberg DR, Tsai AC, Martin JN, Haberer JE, Boum Y, Plutzky J, Hunt PW, Okello S, Siedner MJ. PMID: 29652762; PMCID: PMC6019157.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 11     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    34. Validity and Reliability of a Self-Reported Measure of Antihypertensive Medication Adherence in Uganda. PLoS One. 2016; 11(7):e0158499. Okello S, Nasasira B, Muiru AN, Muyingo A. PMID: 27367542; PMCID: PMC4930194.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 31     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    35. Chronic kidney disease in low- and middle-income countries. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2016 06; 31(6):868-74. Stanifer JW, Muiru A, Jafar TH, Patel UD. PMID: 27217391; PMCID: PMC4876969.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 97     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    36. Impact of rapid diagnostic tests for the diagnosis and treatment of malaria at a peripheral health facility in Western Uganda: an interrupted time series analysis. Malar J. 2015 May 15; 14:203. Boyce RM, Muiru A, Reyes R, Ntaro M, Mulogo E, Matte M, Siedner MJ. PMID: 25971788; PMCID: PMC4435913.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 17     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimals
    37. Antibiotic use and emerging resistance: how can resource-limited countries turn the tide? Glob Heart. 2014 Sep; 9(3):347-58. Bebell LM, Muiru AN. PMID: 25667187; PMCID: PMC4369554.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 97     Fields:    Translation:HumansPHPublic Health
    38. Poor adherence to AASLD guidelines for chronic hepatitis B Management and treatment in a large academic medical center. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014 Jun; 109(6):867-75. Wu Y, Johnson KB, Roccaro G, Lopez J, Zheng H, Muiru A, Ufere N, Rajbhandari R, Kattan O, Chung RT. PMID: 24732869; PMCID: PMC4624277.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 26     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    39. Incident HSV-2 infections are common among HIV-1-discordant couples. J Infect Dis. 2013 Oct 01; 208(7):1093-101. Muiru AN, Guthrie BL, Bosire R, Merkel M, Liu AY, Choi RY, Lohman-Payne B, Gatuguta A, Mackelprang RD, Kiarie JN, Farquhar C. PMID: 23840044; PMCID: PMC3762386.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 5     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    40. Distance from home to study clinic and risk of follow-up interruption in a cohort of HIV-1-discordant couples in Nairobi, Kenya. PLoS One. 2012; 7(8):e43138. Conley NJ, Pavlinac PB, Guthrie BL, Mackelprang RD, Muiru AN, Choi RY, Bosire R, Gatuguta A, Farquhar C. PMID: 22937017; PMCID: PMC3428010.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 7     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    41. P1-S5.04 HSV-2 Prevalence and Incidence among Stable HIV-1 Discordant Couples in Nairobi, Kenya. Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2011 Jul 1; 87(Suppl 1):a176. Muiru MA, Bosire BR, Guthrie GB, Choi CR, Merkel MM, Chohan CB, Kiarie KJ, Lohman-Payne LB, Farquhar FC. .
      View in: Publisher Site   Mentions:
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