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Christopher Dowd, MD

Title(s)Professor, Radiology
SchoolSchool of Medicine
Phone415-353-1863
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    Collapse Biography 
    Collapse Education and Training
    University of California, San FranciscoClinical Fellowship Radiology
    Collapse Awards and Honors
    2012US News and World Report Top Doctor
    University of California, San Francisco Department of Dermatology2001Clinical Teacher of the Year
    British Skull Base Society1992Honorary Overseas Member and First Honored Guest, Lecturer
    University of California, San Diego Department of Radiology1987Elliott Lasser Award

    Collapse Overview 
    Collapse Overview
    Christopher Dowd, MD, is a Professor of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Neurological Surgery, Neurology, and Anesthesia and Preoperative Care and Co-Director of Birthmarks and Vascular Anomalies Center at the University of California, San Francisco. He specializes in the diagnosis, management and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases of the brain/spinal cord and of vascular birthmarks. Dr. Dowd earned his medical degree from the University of Virginia, Charlottesville in 1983, and completed his residency in Diagnostic Radiology at the University of California, San Diego, followed by a fellowship in Neuroradiology and Interventional Neuroradiology at UCSF.

    Dr. Dowd’s primary research interests include: endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms endovascular treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced vasospasm, endovascular treatment of cutaneous vascular birthmarks, human fetal tracheal balloon occlusion in the treatment of congenital diaphragmatic hernias, endovascular treatment of acute dural sinus thrombosis, endovascular treatment of vein of galen malformations, preoperative tumor embolization, the novel treatment of chemoinfusion for retinoblastomas, and endovascular therapy for brain AVMs and dural carotid-cavernous fistulas.

    Dr. Dowd has served as the Primary Investigator and Co-Investigator of many IRB/CHR approved research projects. He has published 178 articles, written over 300 scientific abstracts, and 58 book chapters dedicated to his research.

    Expertise:
    Neuro Interventional Radiology

    Specialty:
    Neurology, neurosurgery, otolaryngology, child neurology, and pediatric surgery

    Professional Interests:
    Interventional radiology, neurointerventional radiology, neurointerventional surgery, surgical neuroangiography, brain aneurysms, stroke, vein of galen malformations, birthmarks and vascular anomalies

    Education and Training:
    • Medical School: University of Virginia, Charlottesville
    • Internship: Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton Lower Falls - Medicine and Surgery
    • Residency: University of California, San Diego - Diagnostic Radiology
    • Fellowship: University of California, San Francisco - Neuroradiology
    • Fellowship: University of California, San Francisco - Interventional Neuroradiology
    • Basic Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (1980)
    • Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) (Certified 1981, Western Albemarle Region, Charlottesville, VA)
    • Advanced Cardiac Life Support (1983, 2010)
    • National Board of Medical Examiners (Certified 1984)
    • California Medical License (1984)
    • American Board of Radiology (Certified 6/11/87)
    • Radiology X-Ray Supervisor and Operator, California Department of Health Services (1987)
    • Massachusetts Medical License (1989)
    • Arizona Medical License (1994)
    • Hawaii Medical License (1995)
    • Nevada Medical License (1995)
    • American Board of Radiology Certificate of Added Qualification in Neuroradiology (1995, 2005)

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    Collapse Bibliographic 
    Collapse Publications
    Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Researchers can login to make corrections and additions, or contact us for help.
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    1. Donzelli GF, Nelson J, McCoy D, McCulloch CE, Hetts SW, Amans MR, Dowd CF, Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Lawton MT, Kim H, Cooke DL. The effect of preoperative embolization and flow dynamics on resection of brain arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg. 2019 May 17; 1-9. PMID: 31100732.
      View in: PubMed
    2. Alexander MD, Halbach VV, Hallam DK, Cooke DL, Ghodke B, Dowd CF, Amans MR, Hetts SW, Higashida RT, Meyers PM. Relationship of clinical presentation and angiographic findings in patients with indirect cavernous carotid fistulae. J Neurointerv Surg. 2019 Feb 18. PMID: 30777891.
      View in: PubMed
    3. Alexander MD, Halbach VV, Hallam DK, Cooke DL, Ghodke BV, Dowd CF, Amans MR, Hetts SW, Higashida RT, Meyers PM. Long-Term Outcomes of Endovascular Treatment of Indirect Carotid Cavernous Fistulae: Superior Efficacy, Safety, and Durability of Transvenous Coiling Over Other Techniques. Neurosurgery. 2018 Nov 10. PMID: 30418600.
      View in: PubMed
    4. Alexander MD, Hughes N, Cooke DL, Hess CP, Frieden IJ, Phelps AS, Dowd CF. Revisiting classic MRI findings of venous malformations: Changes in protocols may lead to potential misdiagnosis. Neuroradiol J. 2018 Oct; 31(5):509-512. PMID: 30089411.
      View in: PubMed
    5. Morrison J, Alexander MD, Dowd CF, Cooke DL. Flanking the fenestration: circumferential limb-to-limb stent-assisted coiling of a basilar artery fenestration aneurysm. J Neurointerv Surg. 2018 Jun; 10(6):e12. PMID: 29563213.
      View in: PubMed
    6. Ammanuel S, Alexander MD, Damato B, Cooke DL, Halbach VV, Amans MR, Dowd CF, Higashida RT, Hetts SW. Improved procedural safety following protocol changes for selective ophthalmic arterial infusion of chemotherapy for treatment of ocular retinoblastoma. Interv Neuroradiol. 2018 Jun; 24(3):345-350. PMID: 29436917.
      View in: PubMed
    7. Kondapavulur S, Cooke DL, Kao A, Amans MR, Alexander M, Darflinger R, Dowd CF, Higashida RT, Damato B, Halbach VV, Matthay KK, Hetts SW. Estimation of intra-arterial chemotherapy distribution to the retina in pediatric retinoblastoma patients using quantitative digital subtraction angiography. Interv Neuroradiol. 2018 Apr; 24(2):214-219. PMID: 29343147.
      View in: PubMed
    8. Hirabayashi KE, Kalin-Hajdu E, Bever GJ, Vagefi MR, de Alba Campomanes AG, Cooke DL, Dowd CF, Kersten RC. Normalization of Congenital Venous Stasis Retinopathy Following Sclerotherapy of a Macrocystic Lymphatic Malformation. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2018 Jan/Feb; 34(1):e19-e21. PMID: 28746255.
      View in: PubMed
    9. Alexander MD, Rebhun JM, Hetts SW, Amans MR, Settecase F, Darflinger RJ, Dowd CF, Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Cooke DL. Technical factors affecting outcomes following endovascular treatment of posterior circulation atherosclerotic lesions. Surg Neurol Int. 2017; 8:284. PMID: 29279801.
      View in: PubMed
    10. Settecase F, McCoy DB, Darflinger R, Alexander MD, Cooke DL, Dowd CF, Hetts SW, Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Amans MR. Improving mechanical thrombectomy time metrics in the angiography suite: Stroke cart, parallel workflows, and conscious sedation. Interv Neuroradiol. 2018 Apr; 24(2):168-177. PMID: 29145742.
      View in: PubMed
    11. Morrison J, Alexander MD, Dowd CF, Cooke DL. Flanking the fenestration: circumferential limb-to-limb stent-assisted coiling of a basilar artery fenestration aneurysm. BMJ Case Rep. 2017 Oct 13; 2017. PMID: 29030497.
      View in: PubMed
    12. Hetts SW, Yen A, Cooke DL, Nelson J, Jolivalt P, Banaga J, Amans MR, Dowd CF, Higashida RT, Lawton MT, Kim H, Halbach VV. Pial Artery Supply as an Anatomic Risk Factor for Ischemic Stroke in the Treatment of Intracranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2017 Dec; 38(12):2315-2320. PMID: 28970244.
      View in: PubMed
    13. Cooke DL, McCoy DB, Halbach VV, Hetts SW, Amans MR, Dowd CF, Higashida RT, Lawson D, Nelson J, Wang CY, Kim H, Werb Z, McCulloch C, Hashimoto T, Su H, Sun Z. Endovascular Biopsy: In Vivo Cerebral Aneurysm Endothelial Cell Sampling and Gene Expression Analysis. Transl Stroke Res. 2018 02; 9(1):20-33. PMID: 28900857.
      View in: PubMed
    14. Lum MA, Martin AJ, Alexander MD, McCoy DB, Cooke DL, Lillaney P, Moftakhar P, Amans MR, Settecase F, Nicholson A, Dowd CF, Halbach VV, Higashida RT, McDermott MW, Saloner D, Hetts SW. Intra-Arterial MR Perfusion Imaging of Meningiomas: Comparison to Digital Subtraction Angiography and Intravenous MR Perfusion Imaging. PLoS One. 2016; 11(11):e0163554. PMID: 27802268.
      View in: PubMed
    15. Alexander MD, Nicholson AD, Darflinger RJ, Settecase F, Cooke DL, Dowd CF, Amans MR, Higashida RT, Hetts SW, Halbach VV. Effects on vessel measurement accuracy and subsequent occlusion after calcium channel blocker infusion during treatment of cerebral aneurysms with the Pipeline embolization device. Interv Neuroradiol. 2017 Feb; 23(1):47-51. PMID: 27798327.
      View in: PubMed
    16. Hetts SW, Moftakhar P, Maluste N, Fullerton HJ, Cooke DL, Amans MR, Dowd CF, Higashida RT, Halbach VV. Pediatric intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas: age-related differences in clinical features, angioarchitecture, and treatment outcomes. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2016 Nov; 18(5):602-610. PMID: 27540826.
      View in: PubMed
    17. Knapp EA, Fink AK, Goss CH, Sewall A, Ostrenga J, Dowd C, Elbert A, Petren KM, Marshall BC. The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Patient Registry. Design and Methods of a National Observational Disease Registry. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2016 07; 13(7):1173-9. PMID: 27078236.
      View in: PubMed
    18. Settecase F, Nicholson AD, Amans MR, Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Cooke DL, Dowd CF, Hetts SW. Onyx embolization of an intraosseous pseudoaneurysm of the middle meningeal artery in a patient with meningiomatosis, McCune-Albright syndrome, and gray platelet syndrome. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2016 Mar; 17(3):324-9. PMID: 26588455.
      View in: PubMed
    19. Settecase F, Hetts SW, Nicholson AD, Amans MR, Cooke DL, Dowd CF, Higashida RT, Halbach VV. Superselective Intra-Arterial Ethanol Sclerotherapy of Feeding Artery and Nidal Aneurysms in Ruptured Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2016 Apr; 37(4):692-7. PMID: 26564434.
      View in: PubMed
    20. Narvid J, Amans MR, Cooke DL, Hetts SW, Dillon WP, Higashida RT, Dowd CF, Halbach VV. Spontaneous retroclival hematoma: a case series. J Neurosurg. 2016 Mar; 124(3):716-9. PMID: 26252463.
      View in: PubMed
    21. Sun Z, Lawson DA, Sinclair E, Wang CY, Lai MD, Hetts SW, Higashida RT, Dowd CF, Halbach VV, Werb Z, Su H, Cooke DL. Endovascular biopsy: Strategy for analyzing gene expression profiles of individual endothelial cells obtained from human vessels?. Biotechnol Rep (Amst). 2015 Sep; 7:157-165. PMID: 26989654.
      View in: PubMed
    22. Hetts SW, Tsai T, Cooke DL, Amans MR, Settecase F, Moftakhar P, Dowd CF, Higashida RT, Lawton MT, Halbach VV. Progressive versus Nonprogressive Intracranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas: Characteristics and Outcomes. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2015 Oct; 36(10):1912-9. PMID: 26206813.
      View in: PubMed
    23. Koo KS, Dowd CF, Mathes EF, Rosbe KW, Hoffman WY, Frieden IJ, Hess CP. MRI phenotypes of localized intravascular coagulopathy in venous malformations. Pediatr Radiol. 2015 Oct; 45(11):1690-5. PMID: 26143286.
      View in: PubMed
    24. Seymour ZA, Sneed PK, Gupta N, Lawton MT, Molinaro AM, Young W, Dowd CF, Halbach VV, Higashida RT, McDermott MW. Volume-staged radiosurgery for large arteriovenous malformations: an evolving paradigm. J Neurosurg. 2016 Jan; 124(1):163-74. PMID: 26140495.
      View in: PubMed
    25. Patel AS, Schulman JM, Ruben BS, Hoffman WY, Dowd CF, Frieden IJ, Hess CP. Atypical MRI features in soft-tissue arteriovenous malformation: a novel imaging appearance with radiologic-pathologic correlation. Pediatr Radiol. 2015 Sep; 45(10):1515-21. PMID: 25916383; PMCID: PMC4553129.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    26. Alexander MD, Rebhun JM, Hetts SW, Kim AS, Nelson J, Kim H, Amans MR, Settecase F, Dowd CF, Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Cooke DL. Lesion location, stability, and pretreatment management: factors affecting outcomes of endovascular treatment for vertebrobasilar atherosclerosis. J Neurointerv Surg. 2016 May; 8(5):466-70. PMID: 25795438.
      View in: PubMed
    27. Cooke DL, Bauer D, Sun Z, Stillson C, Nelson J, Barry D, Hetts SW, Higashida RT, Dowd CF, Halbach VV, Su H, Saeed MM. Endovascular biopsy: Technical feasibility of novel endothelial cell harvesting devices assessed in a rabbit aneurysm model. Interv Neuroradiol. 2015 Feb; 21(1):120-8. PMID: 25934786.
      View in: PubMed
    28. Alexander MD, Cooke DL, Nelson J, Guo DE, Dowd CF, Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Lawton MT, Kim H, Hetts SW. Association between Venous Angioarchitectural Features of Sporadic Brain Arteriovenous Malformations and Intracranial Hemorrhage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2015 May; 36(5):949-52. PMID: 25634722.
      View in: PubMed
    29. Moftakhar P, Cooke DL, Fullerton HJ, Ko NU, Amans MR, Narvid JA, Dowd CF, Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Hetts SW. Extent of collateralization predicting symptomatic cerebral vasospasm among pediatric patients: correlations among angiography, transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, and clinical findings. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2015 Mar; 15(3):282-90. PMID: 25555113.
      View in: PubMed
    30. Sun Z, Su H, Long B, Sinclair E, Hetts SW, Higashida RT, Dowd CF, Halbach VV, Cooke DL. Endothelial cell high-enrichment from endovascular biopsy sample by laser capture microdissection and fluorescence activated cell sorting. J Biotechnol. 2014 Dec 20; 192 Pt A:34-9. PMID: 25450638; PMCID: PMC4654108.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    31. Alexander MD, Cooke DL, Meyers PM, Amans MR, Dowd CF, Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Hetts SW. Lesion stability characteristics outperform degree of stenosis in predicting outcomes following stenting for symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis. J Neurointerv Surg. 2016 Jan; 8(1):19-23. PMID: 25416828.
      View in: PubMed
    32. Nguyen JT, Koerper MA, Hess CP, Dowd CF, Hoffman WY, Dickman M, Frieden IJ. Aspirin therapy in venous malformation: a retrospective cohort study of benefits, side effects, and patient experiences. Pediatr Dermatol. 2014 Sep-Oct; 31(5):556-60. PMID: 25040175.
      View in: PubMed
    33. Cooke DL, Stout CE, Kim WT, Kansagra AP, Yu JP, Gu A, Jewell NP, Hetts SW, Higashida RT, Dowd CF, Halbach VV. Cerebral arterial fenestrations. Interv Neuroradiol. 2014 May-Jun; 20(3):261-74. PMID: 24976087; PMCID: PMC4178766.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    34. Chow ML, Cooke DL, Fullerton HJ, Amans MR, Narvid J, Dowd CF, Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Hetts SW. Radiological and clinical features of vein of Galen malformations. J Neurointerv Surg. 2015 Jun; 7(6):443-8. PMID: 24789593.
      View in: PubMed
    35. Alexander MD, Meyers PM, English JD, Stradford TR, Sung S, Smith WS, Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Dowd CF, Cooke DL, Hetts SW. Symptom differences and pretreatment asymptomatic interval affect outcomes of stenting for intracranial atherosclerotic disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014 Jun; 35(6):1157-62. PMID: 24676000.
      View in: PubMed
    36. Hetts SW, Cooke DL, Nelson J, Gupta N, Fullerton H, Amans MR, Narvid JA, Moftakhar P, McSwain H, Dowd CF, Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Lawton MT, Kim H. Influence of patient age on angioarchitecture of brain arteriovenous malformations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014 Jul; 35(7):1376-80. PMID: 24627452; PMCID: PMC4102659.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    37. Amans MR, Cooke DL, Vella M, Dowd CF, Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Hetts SW. Contrast staining on CT after DSA in ischemic stroke patients progresses to infarction and rarely hemorrhages. Interv Neuroradiol. 2014 Jan-Feb; 20(1):106-15. PMID: 24556308; PMCID: PMC3971133.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    38. McDougall CG, Johnston SC, Gholkar A, Barnwell SL, Vazquez Suarez JC, Massó Romero J, Chaloupka JC, Bonafe A, Wakhloo AK, Tampieri D, Dowd CF, Fox AJ, Imm SJ, Carroll K, Turk AS. Bioactive versus bare platinum coils in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms: the MAPS (Matrix and Platinum Science) trial. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014 May; 35(5):935-42. PMID: 24481333.
      View in: PubMed
    39. Potts MB, Shah JK, Molinaro AM, Blevins LS, Tyrrell JB, Kunwar S, Dowd CF, Hetts SW, Aghi MK. Cavernous and inferior petrosal sinus sampling and dynamic magnetic resonance imaging in the preoperative evaluation of Cushing's disease. J Neurooncol. 2014 Feb; 116(3):593-600. PMID: 24398617.
      View in: PubMed
    40. Cooke DL, Stout CE, Kim WT, Hetts SW, Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Gould RG. Radiation dose reduction in intra-arterial chemotherapy infusion for intraocular retinoblastoma. J Neurointerv Surg. 2014 Dec; 6(10):785-9. PMID: 24385553.
      View in: PubMed
    41. Amans MR, Stout C, Fox C, Narvid J, Hetts SW, Cooke DL, Higashida RT, Dowd CF, McSwain H, Halbach VV. Cerebral arteriopathy associated with Arg179His ACTA2 mutation. J Neurointerv Surg. 2014 Nov; 6(9):e46. PMID: 24353327.
      View in: PubMed
    42. Cooke DL, Su H, Sun Z, Guo Y, Guo D, Saeed MM, Hetts SW, Higashida RT, Dowd CF, Young WL, Halbach VV. Endovascular biopsy: evaluating the feasibility of harvesting endothelial cells using detachable coils. Interv Neuroradiol. 2013 Dec; 19(4):399-408. PMID: 24355142; PMCID: PMC3902737.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    43. Amans MR, Stout C, Fox C, Narvid J, Hetts SW, Cooke DL, Higashida RT, Dowd CF, McSwain H, Halbach VV. Cerebral arteriopathy associated with Arg179His ACTA2 mutation. BMJ Case Rep. 2013 Nov 29; 2013. PMID: 24293535; PMCID: PMC3847515.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    44. Hetts SW, Turk A, English JD, Dowd CF, Mocco J, Prestigiacomo C, Nesbit G, Ge SG, Jin JN, Carroll K, Murayama Y, Gholkar A, Barnwell S, Lopes D, Johnston SC, McDougall C. Stent-assisted coiling versus coiling alone in unruptured intracranial aneurysms in the matrix and platinum science trial: safety, efficacy, and mid-term outcomes. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014 Apr; 35(4):698-705. PMID: 24184523.
      View in: PubMed
    45. Losey AD, Lillaney P, Martin AJ, Halbach VV, Cooke DL, Dowd CF, Higashida RT, Saloner DA, Wilson MW, Saeed M, Hetts SW. Safety of retained microcatheters: an evaluation of radiofrequency heating in endovascular microcatheters with nitinol, tungsten, and polyetheretherketone braiding at 1.5 T and 3 T. J Neurointerv Surg. 2014 May; 6(4):314-9. PMID: 23685793; PMCID: PMC3796159.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    46. Vogel SA, Hess CP, Dowd CF, Hoffman WY, Kane AJ, Rajaii R, Frieden IJ. Early versus later presentations of venous malformations: where and why? Pediatr Dermatol. 2013 Sep-Oct; 30(5):534-40. PMID: 23679583.
      View in: PubMed
    47. Kansagra AP, Cooke DL, English JD, Sincic RM, Amans MR, Dowd CF, Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Hetts SW. Current trends in endovascular management of traumatic cerebrovascular injury. J Neurointerv Surg. 2014 Jan; 6(1):47-50. PMID: 23322749.
      View in: PubMed
    48. Moftakhar P, English JD, Cooke DL, Kim WT, Stout C, Smith WS, Dowd CF, Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Hetts SW. Density of thrombus on admission CT predicts revascularization efficacy in large vessel occlusion acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2013 Jan; 44(1):243-5. PMID: 23111438.
      View in: PubMed
    49. Hetts SW, Keenan K, Fullerton HJ, Young WL, English JD, Gupta N, Dowd CF, Higashida RT, Lawton MT, Halbach VV. Pediatric intracranial nongalenic pial arteriovenous fistulas: clinical features, angioarchitecture, and outcomes. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2012 Oct; 33(9):1710-9. PMID: 22766672.
      View in: PubMed
    50. Cooke DL, Meisel KM, Kim WT, Stout CE, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Higashida RT. Serial angiographic appearance of segmental arterial mediolysis manifesting as vertebral, internal mammary and intra-abdominal visceral artery aneurysms in a patient presenting with subarachnoid hemorrhage and review of the literature. J Neurointerv Surg. 2013 Sep 01; 5(5):478-82. PMID: 22693248.
      View in: PubMed
    51. Hetts SW, Moftakhar P, English JD, Dowd CF, Higashida RT, Lawton MT, Douglas VC, Halbach VV. Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas and intrathecal venous drainage: correlation between digital subtraction angiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and clinical findings. J Neurosurg Spine. 2012 May; 16(5):433-40. PMID: 22324803.
      View in: PubMed
    52. Tatum J, Farid H, Cooke D, Fullerton H, Smith W, Higashida R, Halbach VV, Dowd C. Mechanical embolectomy for treatment of large vessel acute ischemic stroke in children. J Neurointerv Surg. 2013 Mar; 5(2):128-34. PMID: 22307540.
      View in: PubMed
    53. Hetts SW, English JD, Dowd CF, Higashida RT, Scanlon JT, Halbach VV. Pediatric intracranial aneurysms: new and enlarging aneurysms after index aneurysm treatment or observation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011 Dec; 32(11):2017-22. PMID: 22081674.
      View in: PubMed
    54. Bharatha A, Faughnan ME, Kim H, Pourmohamad T, Krings T, Bayrak-Toydemir P, Pawlikowska L, McCulloch CE, Lawton MT, Dowd CF, Young WL, Terbrugge KG. Brain arteriovenous malformation multiplicity predicts the diagnosis of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: quantitative assessment. Stroke. 2012 Jan; 43(1):72-8. PMID: 22034007; PMCID: PMC3727386.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    55. Alexander MD, Hetts SW, Young WL, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Higashida RT, English JD. Supernova hemorrhage: obliterative hemorrhage of brain arteriovenous malformations following ? knife radiosurgery. J Neurointerv Surg. 2012 Sep; 4(5):364-7. PMID: 21990534.
      View in: PubMed
    56. Cooke D, Farid H, Kim W, Dowd C, Higashida R, Halbach V. Zygomatico-orbital intra-arterial melphalan infusion for intraocular retinoblastoma. J Neurointerv Surg. 2012 Jul; 4(4):e16. PMID: 21990490.
      View in: PubMed
    57. Cooke D, Tatum J, Farid H, Dowd C, Higashida R, Halbach V. Transvenous embolization of a pediatric pial arteriovenous fistula. J Neurointerv Surg. 2012 Jul; 4(4):e14. PMID: 21990498.
      View in: PubMed
    58. Adler F, Gupta N, Hess CP, Dowd CF, Dillon WP. Intraosseous CSF fistula in a patient with Gorham disease resulting in intracranial hypotension. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011 Dec; 32(11):E198-200. PMID: 21659480.
      View in: PubMed
    59. Waldron JS, Sughrue ME, Hetts SW, Wilson SP, Mills SA, McDermott MW, Dowd CF, Parsa AT. Embolization of skull base meningiomas and feeding vessels arising from the internal carotid circulation. Neurosurgery. 2011 Jan; 68(1):162-9; discussion 169. PMID: 21150761.
      View in: PubMed
    60. Martin AJ, Hetts SW, Dillon WP, Higashida RT, Halbach V, Dowd CF, Lawton MT, Saloner D. MR imaging of partially thrombosed cerebral aneurysms: characteristics and evolution. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011 Feb; 32(2):346-51. PMID: 21087941.
      View in: PubMed
    61. Rosbe KW, Hess CP, Dowd CF, Frieden IJ. Masseteric venous malformations: diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010 Dec; 143(6):779-83. PMID: 21109077.
      View in: PubMed
    62. Antonietti L, Sheth SA, Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Dowd CF, Lawton MT, English JD, Hetts SW. Long-term outcome in the repair of spinal cord perimedullary arteriovenous fistulas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010 Nov; 31(10):1824-30. PMID: 20813874.
      View in: PubMed
    63. Hess CP, Fullerton HJ, Metry DW, Drolet BA, Siegel DH, Auguste KI, Gupta N, Haggstrom AN, Dowd CF, Frieden IJ, Barkovich AJ. Cervical and intracranial arterial anomalies in 70 patients with PHACE syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010 Nov; 31(10):1980-6. PMID: 20705698.
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    64. Jun P, Ko NU, English JD, Dowd CF, Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Lawton MT, Hetts SW. Endovascular treatment of medically refractory cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010 Nov; 31(10):1911-6. PMID: 20616179.
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    65. Brown A, Bechtel C, Bill J, Liu H, Liu J, McDonald D, Pai S, Radhamohan A, Renslow R, Thayer B, Yohe S, Dowd C. Increasing parvovirus filter throughput of monoclonal antibodies using ion exchange membrane adsorptive pre-filtration. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2010 Jul 01; 106(4):627-37. PMID: 20229510.
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    66. Brown A, Bill J, Tully T, Radhamohan A, Dowd C. Overloading ion-exchange membranes as a purification step for monoclonal antibodies. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2010 Jun 11; 56(2):59-70. PMID: 20497123; PMCID: PMC2891000.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    67. Oka H, Pogrel MA, Dowd CF, Lee JS. Treatment of arteriovenous malformation of the mandible with resection and immediate reconstruction. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010 Mar; 68(3):658-63. PMID: 19931964.
      View in: PubMed
    68. Waldron JS, Hetts SW, Armstrong-Wells J, Dowd CF, Fullerton HJ, Gupta N, Lawton MT. Multiple intracranial aneurysms and moyamoya disease associated with microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II: surgical considerations. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2009 Nov; 4(5):439-44. PMID: 19877776.
      View in: PubMed
    69. Potter CA, Armstrong-Wells J, Fullerton HJ, Young WL, Higashida RT, Dowd CF, Halbach VV, Hetts SW. Neonatal giant pial arteriovenous malformation: genesis or rapid enlargement in the third trimester. J Neurointerv Surg. 2009 Dec; 1(2):151-3. PMID: 20625463.
      View in: PubMed
    70. Hetts SW, Narvid J, Sanai N, Lawton MT, Gupta N, Fullerton HJ, Dowd CF, Higashida RT, Halbach VV. Intracranial aneurysms in childhood: 27-year single-institution experience. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009 Aug; 30(7):1315-24. PMID: 19357386.
      View in: PubMed
    71. Chen Y, Zhu W, Bollen AW, Lawton MT, Barbaro NM, Dowd CF, Hashimoto T, Yang GY, Young WL. Evidence of inflammatory cell involvement in brain arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery. 2008 Jun; 62(6):1340-9; discussion 1349-50. PMID: 18825001; PMCID: PMC2582017.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    72. Lawton MT, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Sanai N, Malek JY, Dowd CF. Combined microsurgical and endovascular management of complex intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurgery. 2008 Jun; 62(6 Suppl 3):1503-15. PMID: 18695569.
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    166. Caponigro M, Filly RA, Dowd CF. Diagnosis of a posterior fossa dural arteriovenous fistula in a neonate by cranial ultrasonography. J Ultrasound Med. 1997 Jun; 16(6):429-32. PMID: 9315189.
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    167. Urwin RW, Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Balousek PA, Hieshima GB. Endovascular therapy for the carotid artery. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 1996 Nov; 6(4):957-73. PMID: 8824143.
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    168. Kane AG, Dillon WP, Barkovich AJ, Norman D, Dowd CF, Kane TT. Reduced caliber of the internal carotid artery: a normal finding with ipsilateral absence or hypoplasia of the A1 segment. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1996 Aug; 17(7):1295-301. PMID: 8871715.
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    169. Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Hieshima GB. Endovascular surgical approach to intracranial vascular diseases. J Endovasc Surg. 1996 May; 3(2):146-57. PMID: 8798133.
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    170. Terada T, Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Nakai E, Yokote H, Itakura T, Hieshima GB. Transluminal angioplasty for arteriosclerotic disease of the distal vertebral and basilar arteries. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1996 Apr; 60(4):377-81. PMID: 8774399.
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    171. McDougall CG, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Higashida RT, Larsen DW, Hieshima GB. Endovascular treatment of basilar tip aneurysms using electrolytically detachable coils. J Neurosurg. 1996 Mar; 84(3):393-9. PMID: 8609549.
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    172. Mamelak AN, Dowd CF, Tyrrell JB, McDonald JF, Wilson CB. Venous angiography is needed to interpret inferior petrosal sinus and cavernous sinus sampling data for lateralizing adrenocorticotropin-secreting adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Feb; 81(2):475-81. PMID: 8636253.
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    173. Terada T, Tsuura M, Komai N, Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Wilson CB, Hieshima GB. The role of angiogenic factor bFGF in the development of dural AVFs. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1996; 138(7):877-83. PMID: 8869717.
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    174. Teitelbaum GP, Halbach VV, Larsen DW, McDougall CG, Dowd C, Higashida RT, Hieshima GB. Treatment of massive posterior epistaxis by detachable coil embolization of a cavernous internal carotid artery aneurysm. Neuroradiology. 1995 May; 37(4):334-6. PMID: 7666976.
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    175. Teitelbaum GP, Dowd CF, Larsen DW, McDougall CG, Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Hieshima GB. Endovascular management of biopsy-related posterior inferior cerebellar artery pseudoaneurysm. Surg Neurol. 1995 Apr; 43(4):357-9. PMID: 7792705.
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    176. Smith TP, Halbach VV, Fraser KW, Teitelbaum GP, Dowd CF, Higashida RT. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of subclavian stenosis from neurofibromatosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1995 Apr; 16(4 Suppl):872-4. PMID: 7611060.
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    177. Higashida RT, Tsai FY, Halbach VV, Barnwell SL, Dowd CF, Hieshima GB. Interventional neurovascular techniques in the treatment of stroke--state-of-the-art therapy. J Intern Med. 1995 Jan; 237(1):105-15. PMID: 7830022.
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    178. Larsen DW, Halbach VV, Teitelbaum GP, McDougall CG, Higashida RT, Dowd CF, Hieshima GB. Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas supplied by branches of the internal iliac arteries. Surg Neurol. 1995 Jan; 43(1):35-40; discussion 40-1. PMID: 7701420.
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    179. Teitelbaum GP, Halbach VV, Fraser KW, Larsen DW, McDougall CG, Higashida RT, Dowd CF, Hieshima GB. Direct-puncture coil embolization of maxillofacial high-flow vascular malformations. Laryngoscope. 1994 Nov; 104(11 Pt 1):1397-400. PMID: 7968172.
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    180. Perrott DH, Schmidt B, Dowd CF, Kaban LB. Treatment of a high-flow arteriovenous malformation by direct puncture and coil embolization. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1994 Oct; 52(10):1083-6. PMID: 8089799.
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    181. Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Tsai FY, Dowd CF, Hieshima GB. Interventional neurovascular techniques for cerebral revascularization in the treatment of stroke. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994 Oct; 163(4):793-800. PMID: 8092013.
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    182. Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Barnwell SL, Dowd CF, Hieshima GB. Thrombolytic therapy in acute stroke. J Endovasc Surg. 1994 Sep; 1:4-15. PMID: 9234100.
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    183. Rodriquez JM, Tezelman S, Siperstein AE, Duh QY, Higgins C, Morita E, Dowd CF, Clark OH. Localization procedures in patients with persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism. Arch Surg. 1994 Aug; 129(8):870-5. PMID: 8048861.
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    184. Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Hieshima GB. Intracranial aneurysms. Evolution and future role of endovascular techniques. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1994 Jul; 5(3):413-25. PMID: 8086795.
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    185. Terada T, Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Tsuura M, Komai N, Wilson CB, Hieshima GB. Development of acquired arteriovenous fistulas in rats due to venous hypertension. J Neurosurg. 1994 May; 80(5):884-9. PMID: 8169629.
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    186. Teitelbaum GP, Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Larsen DW, McDougall CG, Dowd CF, Hieshima GB. Flow-directed use of electrolytically detachable platinum embolization coils. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1994 May-Jun; 5(3):453-6. PMID: 8054745.
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    187. Smith TP, Higashida RT, Barnwell SL, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Fraser KW, Teitelbaum GP, Hieshima GB. Treatment of dural sinus thrombosis by urokinase infusion. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1994 May; 15(5):801-7. PMID: 8059645.
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    188. Damiano TR, Truwit CL, Dowd CF, Symonds DL, Portela L, Dreisbach J. Posterior fossa venous angiomas with drainage through the brain stem. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1994 Apr; 15(4):643-52. PMID: 8010264.
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    189. Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Dowd CF, Barnwell SL, Fraser KW, Smith TP, Teitelbaum GP, Hieshima GB. The efficacy of endosaccular aneurysm occlusion in alleviating neurological deficits produced by mass effect. J Neurosurg. 1994 Apr; 80(4):659-66. PMID: 8151344.
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    190. Fraser KW, Halbach VV, Teitelbaum GP, Smith TP, Higashida RT, Dowd CF, Wilson CB, Hieshima GB. Endovascular platinum coil embolization of incompletely surgically clipped cerebral aneurysms. Surg Neurol. 1994 Jan; 41(1):4-8. PMID: 8310385.
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    191. Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Dowd CF, Fraser KW, Edwards MS, Barnwell SL. Treatment of giant intradural (perimedullary) arteriovenous fistulas. Neurosurgery. 1993 Dec; 33(6):972-9; discussion 979-80. PMID: 8134010.
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    192. Higashida RT, Tsai FY, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Hieshima GB. Cerebral percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Heart Dis Stroke. 1993 Nov-Dec; 2(6):497-502. PMID: 8137057.
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    193. Smith TP, Koci T, Mehringer CM, Tsai FY, Fraser KW, Dowd CF, Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Hieshima GB. Transarterial embolization of vertebral hemangioma. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1993 Sep-Oct; 4(5):681-5. PMID: 8219564.
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    194. Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Dowd CF, Fraser KW, Smith TP, Teitelbaum GP, Wilson CB, Hieshima GB. Endovascular treatment of vertebral artery dissections and pseudoaneurysms. J Neurosurg. 1993 Aug; 79(2):183-91. PMID: 8331398.
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    195. Lalwani AK, Dowd CF, Halbach VV. Grading venous restrictive disease in patients with dural arteriovenous fistulas of the transverse/sigmoid sinus. J Neurosurg. 1993 Jul; 79(1):11-5. PMID: 8315446.
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    196. Smith TP, Graves VB, Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Fraser KW, Dowd CF, Hieshima GB. Microcatheter retrieval device for intravascular foreign body removal. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1993 Jul-Aug; 14(4):809-11. PMID: 8352149.
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    197. Baker LL, Dillon WP, Hieshima GB, Dowd CF, Frieden IJ. Hemangiomas and vascular malformations of the head and neck: MR characterization. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1993 Mar-Apr; 14(2):307-14. PMID: 8456703.
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    198. Higashida RT, Tsai FY, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Smith T, Fraser K, Hieshima GB. Transluminal angioplasty for atherosclerotic disease of the vertebral and basilar arteries. J Neurosurg. 1993 Feb; 78(2):192-8. PMID: 8421202.
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    199. Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Dormandy B, Bell J, Hieshima GB. Intravascular balloon dilatation therapy for intracranial arterial vasospasm: patient selection, technique, and clinical results. Neurosurg Rev. 1992; 15(2):89-95. PMID: 1386147.
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    200. Dowd CF, Dillon WP, Barbaro NM, Laxer KD. Intractable complex partial seizure: correlation of magnetic resonance imaging with pathology and electroencephalography. Epilepsy Res Suppl. 1992; 5:101-10. PMID: 1418438.
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    201. Dowd CF, Halbach VV, Barnwell SL, Higashida RT, Hieshima GB. Particulate embolization of the anterior choroidal artery in the treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1991 Nov-Dec; 12(6):1055-61. PMID: 1763725.
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    202. Dowd CF, Dillon WP, Barbaro NM, Laxer KD. Magnetic resonance imaging of intractable complex partial seizures: pathologic and electroencephalographic correlation. Epilepsia. 1991 Jul-Aug; 32(4):454-9. PMID: 1868803.
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    203. Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Barnwell SL, Dowd CF, Hieshima GB. Transarterial platinum coil embolization of carotid-cavernous fistulas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1991 May-Jun; 12(3):429-33. PMID: 2058488.
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    204. Barnwell SL, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Higashida RT, Hieshima GB, Wilson CB. Multiple dural arteriovenous fistulas of the cranium and spine. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1991 May-Jun; 12(3):441-5. PMID: 2058490.
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    205. Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Barnwell SL, Hieshima GB. Intracranial aneurysms: interventional neurovascular treatment with detachable balloons--results in 215 cases. Radiology. 1991 Mar; 178(3):663-70. PMID: 1994399.
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    206. Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Dowd CF, Barnwell SL, Hieshima GB. Management of vascular perforations that occur during neurointerventional procedures. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1991 Mar-Apr; 12(2):319-27. PMID: 1902036.
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    207. Barnwell SL, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Higashida RT, Hieshima GB, Wilson CB. A variant of arteriovenous fistulas within the wall of dural sinuses. Results of combined surgical and endovascular therapy. J Neurosurg. 1991 Feb; 74(2):199-204. PMID: 1988588.
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    208. Wilson CB, Hieshima GB, Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Barnwell SL. Interventional radiologic adjuncts in cerebrovascular surgery. Clin Neurosurg. 1991; 37:332-52. PMID: 2009697.
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    209. Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Barnwell SL, Hieshima GB. Interventional neurovascular treatment of a giant intracranial aneurysm using platinum microcoils. Surg Neurol. 1991 Jan; 35(1):64-8. PMID: 1983886.
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    210. Barnwell SL, Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Hieshima GB. Direct endovascular thrombolytic therapy for dural sinus thrombosis. Neurosurgery. 1991 Jan; 28(1):135-42. PMID: 1994268.
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    211. Dowd CF, Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Barnwell SL, Hieshima GB. Endovascular coil embolization of unusual posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms. Neurosurgery. 1990 Dec; 27(6):954-61. PMID: 2274138.
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    212. Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Barnwell SL, Dowd C, Dormandy B, Bell J, Hieshima GB. Treatment of intracranial aneurysms with preservation of the parent vessel: results of percutaneous balloon embolization in 84 patients. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1990 Jul-Aug; 11(4):633-40. PMID: 2114739.
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    213. Dowd CF, Halbach VV, Barnwell SL, Higashida RT, Edwards MS, Hieshima GB. Transfemoral venous embolization of vein of Galen malformations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1990 Jul-Aug; 11(4):643-8. PMID: 2114741.
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    214. Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Dowd C, Barnwell SL, Dormandy B, Bell J, Hieshima GB. Endovascular detachable balloon embolization therapy of cavernous carotid artery aneurysms: results in 87 cases. J Neurosurg. 1990 Jun; 72(6):857-63. PMID: 2338569.
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    215. Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Dowd CF, Barnwell SL, Hieshima GB. Treatment of carotid-cavernous fistulas associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Neurosurgery. 1990 Jun; 26(6):1021-7. PMID: 2362658.
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    216. Barnwell SL, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Higashida RT, Hieshima GB. Dural arteriovenous fistulas involving the inferior petrosal sinus: angiographic findings in six patients. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1990 May; 11(3):511-6. PMID: 2112316.
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    217. Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Hieshima GB, Wilson CB, Barnwell SL, Dowd CF. Dural arteriovenous fistulas supplied by ethmoidal arteries. Neurosurgery. 1990 May; 26(5):816-23. PMID: 2191241.
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    218. Barnwell SL, Dowd CF, Davis RL, Edwards MS, Gutin PH, Wilson CB. Cryptic vascular malformations of the spinal cord: diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging and outcome of surgery. J Neurosurg. 1990 Mar; 72(3):403-7. PMID: 2303875.
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    219. Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Hieshima GB, Dowd CF, Barnwell SL, Edwards MS, Melicharek M. Aneurysms of the petrous portion of the internal carotid artery: results of treatment with endovascular or surgical occlusion. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1990 Mar-Apr; 11(2):253-7. PMID: 2107708.
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    220. Barnwell SL, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Higashida RT, Hieshima GB. Endovascular treatment of scalp arteriovenous fistulas associated with a large varix. Radiology. 1989 Nov; 173(2):533-9. PMID: 2798886.
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    221. Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Hieshima GB, Dowd CF, Barnwell SL. Venography and venous pressure monitoring in dural sinus meningiomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1989 Nov-Dec; 10(6):1209-13. PMID: 2512784.
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    222. Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Cahan LD, Brant-Zawadzki M, Barnwell S, Dowd C, Hieshima GB. Transluminal angioplasty for treatment of intracranial arterial vasospasm. J Neurosurg. 1989 Nov; 71(5 Pt 1):648-53. PMID: 2530320.
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    223. Barnwell SL, Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Wilson CB, Hieshima GB. Transluminal angioplasty of intracerebral vessels for cerebral arterial spasm: reversal of neurological deficits after delayed treatment. Neurosurgery. 1989 Sep; 25(3):424-9. PMID: 2528079.
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    224. Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Hieshima GB, Hardin CW, Dowd CF, Barnwell SL. Transarterial occlusion of solitary intracerebral arteriovenous fistulas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1989 Jul-Aug; 10(4):747-52. PMID: 2505503.
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    225. Lemieux M, Dumesnil JG, Dowd C, Lutz D, Cartier P, Desaulniers D, Despres JP, Metras J, Raymond G. A new porcine bioprosthesis: design rationale and early clinical experience. Can J Cardiol. 1988 Sep; 4(6):322-7. PMID: 3179795.
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    226. Hesselink JR, Dowd CF, Healy ME, Hajek P, Baker LL, Luerssen TG. MR imaging of brain contusions: a comparative study with CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1988 May; 150(5):1133-42. PMID: 3258718.
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    227. Davis GB, Dowd CF, Bookstein JJ, Maroney TP, Lang EV, Halasz N. Thrombosed dialysis grafts: efficacy of intrathrombic deposition of concentrated urokinase, clot maceration, and angioplasty. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1987 Jul; 149(1):177-81. PMID: 2954441.
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    228. Sartoris DJ, Clopton P, Nemcek A, Dowd C, Resnick D. Vertebral-body collapse in focal and diffuse disease: patterns of pathologic processes. Radiology. 1986 Aug; 160(2):479-83. PMID: 3726130.
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