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Nicole Santos, PhD, MS

Title(s)Research Program Manager, Epidemiology & Biostatistics
SchoolSchool of Medicine
Address550 16th Street, #001
San Francisco CA 94158
PronounsShe/Her/Hers
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    Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Researchers can login to make corrections and additions, or contact us for help. to make corrections and additions.
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    Altmetrics Details PMC Citations indicate the number of times the publication was cited by articles in PubMed Central, and the Altmetric score represents citations in news articles and social media. (Note that publications are often cited in additional ways that are not shown here.) Fields are based on how the National Library of Medicine (NLM) classifies the publication's journal and might not represent the specific topic of the publication. Translation tags are based on the publication type and the MeSH terms NLM assigns to the publication. Some publications (especially newer ones and publications not in PubMed) might not yet be assigned Field or Translation tags.) Click a Field or Translation tag to filter the publications.
    1. Evaluation of large-scale implementation of obstetric point of care ultrasound in eight counties in Kenya using RE-AIM framework. BMC Health Serv Res. 2025 Aug 01; 25(1):1016. Githemo G, Wanyoro A, Masika J, Onsongo L, Bett S, Githuku S, Gachuiri G, Walker D, Santos N, Ghosh R, Otieno G. PMID: 40751247; PMCID: PMC12315356.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    2. Building an agile state-wide research infrastructure to address COVID-19 and emerging threats: insights from an equity-centered public health and academic collaboration in California. Front Public Health. 2025; 13:1549326. Shete PB, Santos N, Spindler H, León T, Petersen M, Kilpatrick AM, Jain S, Watt J, Radhakrishna R, Pan E, Aragón T. PMID: 40697849; PMCID: PMC12279813.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:HumansCellsPHPublic Health
    3. AI-enabled obstetric point-of-care ultrasound as an emerging technology in low- and middle-income countries: provider and health system perspectives. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2025 Jul 04; 25(1):729. Della Ripa S, Santos N, Walker D. PMID: 40615993; PMCID: PMC12229288.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    4. Perspectives of health care providers on obstetric point-of-care ultrasound in lower-level health facilities in Kenya. Midwifery. 2025 01; 140:104196. Onsongo LN, Bett SC, Gachuiri GW, Njuguna SN, Masika JW, Otieno GO, Wanyoro AK, Haldeman MS, Walker D, Santos N, Githemo GK. PMID: 39357458; PMCID: PMC11619753.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    5. Global research priorities for intrauterine suction and sponge tools for postpartum haemorrhage management in low-income and middle-income countries: a modified Delphi approach. BMJ Public Health. 2024 Jun; 2(1):e000113. Walker D, Shin L, Santos N, Butrick E, Durocher J, Miller S, Amsalu R, Wanyoro A. PMID: 40018145; PMCID: PMC11812741.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:
    6. Quality improvement collaboratives as part of a quality improvement intervention package for preterm births at sub-national level in East Africa: a multi-method analysis. BMJ Open Qual. 2023 12 21; 12(4). Mandu R, Miller L, Namazzi G, Twum-Danso N, Achola KJA, Cooney I, Butrick E, Santos N, Masavah L, Nyakech A, Kirumbi L, Waiswa P, Walker D. PMID: 38135302.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    7. Adapting the preterm birth phenotyping framework to a low-resource, rural setting and applying it to births from Migori County in western Kenya. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2023 Oct 16; 23(1):729. Miller L, Schmidt CN, Wanduru P, Wanyoro A, Santos N, Butrick E, Lester F, Otieno P, Walker D. PMID: 37845611; PMCID: PMC10577962.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    8. Growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm and low birth weight infants in rural Kenya: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2023 08 31; 13(8):e064678. Martin-Herz SP, Otieno P, Laanoi GM, Moshi V, Olieng'o Okoth G, Santos N, Walker D. PMID: 37652593; PMCID: PMC10476111.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    9. Heat stable carbetocin or oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage among women at risk: A secondary analysis of the CHAMPION trial. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2024 Jan; 164(1):124-130. Ghosh R, Owa O, Santos N, Butrick E, Piaggio G, Widmer M, Althabe F, Qureshi Z, Lumbiganon P, Katageri G, Walker D. PMID: 37357606.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 3     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    10. Defining and estimating effects in cluster randomized trials: A methods comparison. Stat Med. 2023 08 30; 42(19):3443-3466. Benitez A, Petersen ML, van der Laan MJ, Santos N, Butrick E, Walker D, Ghosh R, Otieno P, Waiswa P, Balzer LB. PMID: 37308115; PMCID: PMC10898620.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 6     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    11. Simulation and team training to improve preterm birth knowledge, evidence-based practices, and communication skills in midwives in Kenya and Uganda: Findings from a pre- and post-intervention analysis. PLOS Glob Public Health. 2023; 3(6):e0001695. Miller L, Wanduru P, Wangia J, Calkins K, Spindler H, Butrick E, Santos N, Kirumbi L, Walker D. PMID: 37289721; PMCID: PMC10249881.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1  
    12. Effect of a quality improvement intervention for management of preterm births on outcomes of all births in Kenya and Uganda: A secondary analysis from a facility-based cluster randomized trial. J Glob Health. 2022 Dec 29; 12:04073. Ghosh R, Otieno P, Butrick E, Santos N, Waiswa P, Walker D, Preterm Birth Initiative Kenya and Uganda Implementation Research Collaborative. PMID: 36580073; PMCID: PMC9799078.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    13. Obstetric risk in pregnancy interacts with hair cortisone levels to reduce gestational length. Front Glob Womens Health. 2022; 3:878538. Musana J, Cohen CR, Kuppermann M, Gerona R, Wanyoro A, Aguilar D, Santos N, Temmerman M, Weiss SJ. PMID: 35936818; PMCID: PMC9354598.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 5  
    14. Stillbirth, neonatal and maternal mortality among caesarean births in Kenya and Uganda: a register-based prospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2022 04 06; 12(4):e055904. Ghosh R, Santos N, Butrick E, Wanyoro A, Waiswa P, Kim E, Walker D. PMID: 35387820; PMCID: PMC8987792.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    15. Implementing the WHO Safe Childbirth Checklist modified for preterm birth: lessons learned and experiences from Kenya and Uganda. BMC Health Serv Res. 2022 Mar 03; 22(1):294. Achola KA, Kajjo D, Santos N, Butrick E, Otare C, Mubiri P, Namazzi G, Merai R, Otieno P, Waiswa P, Walker D. PMID: 35241076; PMCID: PMC8896298.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 7     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    16. Ultrasound at labour triage in eastern Uganda: A mixed methods study of patient perceptions of care and providers' implementation experience. PLoS One. 2021; 16(11):e0259770. Isabirye N, Kisa R, Santos N, Shah S, Mulowooza J, Walker D, Waiswa P. PMID: 34767612; PMCID: PMC8589172.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    17. Causes of preterm and low birth weight neonatal mortality in a rural community in Kenya: evidence from verbal and social autopsy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021 Jul 29; 21(1):536. Olack B, Santos N, Inziani M, Moshi V, Oyoo P, Nalwa G, OumaOtare LC, Walker D, Otieno PA. PMID: 34325651; PMCID: PMC8320164.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 7     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    18. Predictors of postpartum family planning in Rwanda: the influence of male involvement and healthcare experience. BMC Womens Health. 2021 03 19; 21(1):112. Williams P, Santos N, Azman-Firdaus H, Musange S, Walker D, Sayinzoga F, Chen YH. PMID: 33740975; PMCID: PMC7980651.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 8     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    19. An exploration of patient-provider dynamics and childbirth experiences in rural and urban Peru: a qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021 Feb 15; 21(1):135. Vargas B, Louzado-Feliciano P, Santos N, Fuller S, Jimsheleishvili S, Quiñones Á, Martin HH. PMID: 33588780; PMCID: PMC7885576.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    20. Midwife-performed checklist and ultrasound to identify obstetric conditions at labour triage in Uganda: A quasi-experimental study. Midwifery. 2021 May; 96:102949. Mulowooza J, Santos N, Isabirye N, Inhensiko I, Sloan NL, Shah S, Butrick E, Waiswa P, Walker D. PMID: 33631411; PMCID: PMC7988503.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 7     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    21. Implementing an intrapartum package of interventions to improve quality of care to reduce the burden of preterm birth in Kenya and Uganda. Implement Sci Commun. 2021 Jan 28; 2(1):10. Namazzi G, Achola KA, Jenny A, Santos N, Butrick E, Otieno P, Waiswa P, Walker D, Preterm Birth Initiative Kenya & Uganda Implementation Research Collaborative. PMID: 33509293; PMCID: PMC7841990.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 9  
    22. A Qualitative Assessment of Mothers' Experience With Pediatric Anemia Care in Arequipa, Peru. Front Public Health. 2020; 8:598136. Louzado-Feliciano P, Vargas B, Dandu M, Fuller S, Santos N, Quiñones Á, Martin HM, Caban-Martinez AJ. PMID: 33392136; PMCID: PMC7772202.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 3     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    23. Association between micronutrients and maternal leukocyte telomere length in early pregnancy in Rwanda. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020 Nov 13; 20(1):692. Nsereko E, Uwase A, Muvunyi CM, Rulisa S, Ntirushwa D, Moreland P, Corwin EJ, Santos N, Lin J, Chen JL, Nzayirambaho M, Wojcicki JM. PMID: 33187486; PMCID: PMC7664098.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 5     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    24. Effect of a labor triage checklist and ultrasound on obstetric referral at three primary health centers in Eastern Uganda. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2021 Apr; 153(1):130-137. Santos N, Mulowooza J, Isabirye N, Inhensiko I, Sloan NL, Shah S, Butrick E, Waiswa P, Walker D. PMID: 33047332; PMCID: PMC7984058.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 4     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    25. Birthweight and gestational age-specific neonatal mortality rate in tertiary care facilities in Eastern Central Uganda. Health Sci Rep. 2020 Dec; 3(4):e196. Mubiri P, Nambuya H, Kajjo D, Butrick E, Namazzi G, Santos N, Walker D, Waiswa P. PMID: 33145442; PMCID: PMC7592235.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 5  
    26. Working with what you have: How the East Africa Preterm Birth Initiative used gestational age data from facility maternity registers. PLoS One. 2020; 15(8):e0237656. Miller L, Wanduru P, Santos N, Butrick E, Waiswa P, Otieno P, Walker D. PMID: 32866167; PMCID: PMC7458293.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 5     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    27. Effect of a quality improvement package for intrapartum and immediate newborn care on fresh stillbirth and neonatal mortality among preterm and low-birthweight babies in Kenya and Uganda: a cluster-randomised facility-based trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2020 08; 8(8):e1061-e1070. Walker D, Otieno P, Butrick E, Namazzi G, Achola K, Merai R, Otare C, Mubiri P, Ghosh R, Santos N, Miller L, Sloan NL, Waiswa P, Preterm Birth Initiative Kenya and Uganda Implementation Research Collaborative. PMID: 32710862; PMCID: PMC7388203.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 51     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    28. Efficacy of an ultrasound training program for nurse midwives to assess high-risk conditions at labor triage in rural Uganda. PLoS One. 2020; 15(6):e0235269. Shah S, Santos N, Kisa R, Mike Maxwell O, Mulowooza J, Walker D, Muruganandan KM. PMID: 32603339; PMCID: PMC7326214.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 24     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    29. Maternal genitourinary infections and poor nutritional status increase risk of preterm birth in Gasabo District, Rwanda: a prospective, longitudinal, cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020 Jun 03; 20(1):345. Nsereko E, Uwase A, Mukabutera A, Muvunyi CM, Rulisa S, Ntirushwa D, Moreland P, Corwin EJ, Santos N, Nzayirambaho M, Wojcicki JM. PMID: 32493304; PMCID: PMC7268654.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 19     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    30. Association of differential symptoms of stress to hair cortisol and cortisone concentrations among pregnant women in Kenya. Stress. 2020 09; 23(5):556-566. Musana JW, Cohen CR, Kuppermann M, Gerona R, Wanyoro A, Aguilar D, Santos N, Temmerman M, Weiss SJ. PMID: 31747807.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 17     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    31. Group antenatal care versus standard antenatal care and effect on mean gestational age at birth in Rwanda: protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. Gates Open Res. 2019; 3:1548. Musange SF, Butrick E, Lundeen T, Santos N, Azman Firdaus H, Benitez A, Nzeyimana D, Kayiramirwa Murindahabi N, Nyiraneza L, Sayinzoga F, Ndahindwa V, Ngabo F, Condo J, Walker D. PMID: 31656954; PMCID: PMC6792348.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 17     Fields:    
    32. Strengthening intrapartum and immediate newborn care to reduce morbidity and mortality of preterm infants born in health facilities in Migori County, Kenya and Busoga Region, Uganda: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2018 Jun 05; 19(1):313. Otieno P, Waiswa P, Butrick E, Namazzi G, Achola K, Santos N, Keating R, Lester F, Walker D. PMID: 29871696; PMCID: PMC5989441.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 23     Fields:    Translation:HumansCTClinical Trials
    33. Hedgehog signaling drives medulloblastoma growth via CDK6. J Clin Invest. 2018 01 02; 128(1):120-124. Raleigh DR, Choksi PK, Krup AL, Mayer W, Santos N, Reiter JF. PMID: 29202464; PMCID: PMC5749513.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 33     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    34. Toward Improving Early Diagnosis of Congenital Chagas Disease in an Endemic Setting. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Jul 15; 65(2):268-275. Messenger LA, Gilman RH, Verastegui M, Galdos-Cardenas G, Sanchez G, Valencia E, Sanchez L, Malaga E, Rendell VR, Jois M, Shah V, Santos N, Abastoflor MDC, LaFuente C, Colanzi R, Bozo R, Bern C, Working Group on Chagas Disease in Bolivia and Peru. PMID: 28369287; PMCID: PMC5848221.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 44     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsPHPublic Health
    35. Gestational dating by metabolic profile at birth: a California cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016 Apr; 214(4):511.e1-511.e13. Jelliffe-Pawlowski LL, Norton ME, Baer RJ, Santos N, Rutherford GW. PMID: 26688490; PMCID: PMC4822537.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 37     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    36. Achieving a "Grand Convergence" in Global Health: Modeling the Technical Inputs, Costs, and Impacts from 2016 to 2030. PLoS One. 2015; 10(10):e0140092. Boyle CF, Levin C, Hatefi A, Madriz S, Santos N. PMID: 26452263; PMCID: PMC4599920.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 7     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    37. A central region of Gli2 regulates its localization to the primary cilium and transcriptional activity. J Cell Sci. 2014 Apr 01; 127(Pt 7):1500-10. Santos N, Reiter JF. PMID: 24463817; PMCID: PMC3970560.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 39     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    38. Tilting at nodal windmills: planar cell polarity positions cilia to tell left from right. Dev Cell. 2010 Jul 20; 19(1):5-6. Santos N, Reiter JF. PMID: 20643343; PMCID: PMC3998640.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 7     Fields:    
    39. Floxin, a resource for genetically engineering mouse ESCs. Nat Methods. 2010 Jan; 7(1):50-2. Singla V, Hunkapiller J, Santos N, Seol AD, Norman AR, Wakenight P, Skarnes WC, Reiter JF. PMID: 19966808; PMCID: PMC2895430.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 16     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    40. The extracellular domain of Smoothened regulates ciliary localization and is required for high-level Hh signaling. Curr Biol. 2009 Jun 23; 19(12):1034-9. Aanstad P, Santos N, Corbit KC, Scherz PJ, Trinh le A, Salvenmoser W, Huisken J, Reiter JF, Stainier DY. PMID: 19464178; PMCID: PMC2892286.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 54     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    41. Building it up and taking it down: the regulation of vertebrate ciliogenesis. Dev Dyn. 2008 Aug; 237(8):1972-81. Santos N, Reiter JF. PMID: 18435467; PMCID: PMC3304540.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 70     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    42. Evolution of Chlamydia trachomatis diversity occurs by widespread interstrain recombination involving hotspots. Genome Res. 2007 Jan; 17(1):50-60. Gomes JP, Bruno WJ, Nunes A, Santos N, Florindo C, Borrego MJ, Dean D. PMID: 17090662; PMCID: PMC1716266.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 83     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
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