Loading...

Richard Cheng, MD

Title(s)Assistant Professor, Medicine
SchoolSchool of Medicine
Address505 Parnassus Avenue
San Francisco CA 94117
ORCID ORCID Icon0000-0003-2552-6773 Additional info
vCardDownload vCard

    Collapse Biography 
    Collapse Education and Training
    Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NHMD06/2011Medicine
    Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CAResidency06/2014Internal Medicine
    Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CAFellowship06/2017Cardiology
    Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CAFellowship06/2018Interventional/Structural Cardiology
    Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CAFellowship06/2019Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant Cardiology

    Collapse Overview 
    Collapse Overview
    Dr. Richard Cheng is a cardiologist who specializes in the comprehensive care of patients with heart failure. Having trained in both advanced heart failure and interventional cardiology, his approach combines medical therapy optimization with minimally invasive surgeries and novel devices that can improve heart function. As both a heart transplant and interventional cardiologist, he also specializes in supporting patients in cardiogenic shock – a type of shock that may occur when the heart can't pump well enough to meet the body's needs – with temporary circulatory pumps as a bridge to recovery or heart transplantation.

    Cheng's research is focused on how to rescue patients in cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest and on optimizing the performance of minimally invasive repair of leaky heart valves. His research interests include temporary mechanical circulatory support, stents and stent-valves (tiny tubes that can be placed surgically to keep blood vessels open) in patients with heart failure, minimally invasive mitral and tricuspid valve repair, and coronary artery disease after heart transplantation.

    After earning his medical degree at the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Cheng completed residency in internal medicine at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. He completed fellowships in cardiology, interventional cardiology, and advanced heart failure and transplant at Cedars-Sinai.

    Cheng belongs to the American College of Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation, and American Heart Association.

    Collapse ORNG Applications 
    Collapse Clinical Trials

    Collapse Bibliographic 
    Collapse Publications
    Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Researchers can login to make corrections and additions, or contact us for help. to make corrections and additions.
    Newest   |   Oldest   |   Most Cited   |   Most Discussed   |   Timeline   |   Field Summary   |   Plain Text
    Altmetrics Details PMC Citations indicate the number of times the publication was cited by articles in PubMed Central, and the Altmetric score represents citations in news articles and social media. (Note that publications are often cited in additional ways that are not shown here.) Fields are based on how the National Library of Medicine (NLM) classifies the publication's journal and might not represent the specific topic of the publication. Translation tags are based on the publication type and the MeSH terms NLM assigns to the publication. Some publications (especially newer ones and publications not in PubMed) might not yet be assigned Field or Translation tags.) Click a Field or Translation tag to filter the publications.
    1. Cost-Effectiveness of a Small Intrapericardial Centrifugal Left Ventricular Assist Device. ASAIO J. 2020 Aug; 66(8):862-870. Silvestry SC, Mahr C, Slaughter MS, Levy WC, Cheng RK, May DM, Ismyrloglou E, Tsintzos SI, Tuttle E, Cook K, Birk E, Gomes A, Graham S, Cotts WG. PMID: 32740129.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    
    2. Cost-Effectiveness of Thoracotomy Approach for the Implantation of a Centrifugal Left Ventricular Assist Device. ASAIO J. 2020 Aug; 66(8):855-861. Mahr C, McGee E, Cheung A, Mokadam NA, Strueber M, Slaughter MS, Danter MR, Levy WC, Cheng RK, Beckman JA, May DM, Ismyrloglou E, Tsintzos SI, Silvestry SC. PMID: 32740343.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    
    3. Right-to-Left Shunt Through Iatrogenic Atrial Septal Defect After MitraClip Procedure. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2020 Jul 13; 13(13):1544-1553. Morikawa T, Miyasaka M, Flint N, Manabe O, Dawkins S, Cheng R, Hussaini A, Makar M, Kar S, Nakamura M. PMID: 32646695.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    
    4. Cost-Effectiveness of Thoracotomy Approach for the Implantation of a Centrifugal Left Ventricular Assist Device. ASAIO J. 2020 Jul 01. Mahr C, McGee E, Cheung A, Mokadam NA, Strueber M, Slaughter MS, Danter MR, Levy WC, Cheng RK, Beckman JA, May DM, Ismyrloglou E, Tsintzos SI, Silvestry SC. PMID: 32657825.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    
    5. Left Ventricular Assist Device Inflow Cannula Insertion Depth Influences Thrombosis Risk. ASAIO J. 2020 Jul; 66(7):766-773. Chivukula VK, Beckman JA, Li S, Masri SC, Levy WC, Lin S, Cheng RK, Farris SD, Wood G, Dardas TF, Kirkpatrick JN, Koomalsingh K, Zimpfer D, Mackensen GB, Chassagne F, Mahr C, Aliseda A. PMID: 31453832.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    
    6. Comparison of Neurologic Event Rates Among HeartMate II, HeartMate 3, and HVAD. ASAIO J. 2020 Jun; 66(6):620-624. Li S, Beckman JA, Cheng R, Ibeh C, Creutzfeldt CJ, Bjelkengren J, Herrington J, Stempien-Otero A, Lin S, Levy WC, Fishbein D, Koomalsingh KJ, Zimpfer D, Slaughter MS, Aliseda A, Tirschwell D, Mahr C. PMID: 31609791.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    
    7. Risk of Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Cardiac Sarcoidosis Independent of Left Ventricular Function. Am J Cardiol. 2020 07 15; 127:142-148. Rosenthal DG, Cheng RK, Petek BJ, Masri SC, Mikacenic C, Raghu G, Patton KK. PMID: 32402485.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    8. Outcomes of a drug shortage requiring switching in patients with ulcerative colitis. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2020 Apr 12; 11(2):32-42. van Langenberg DR, Cheng RK, Garg M. PMID: 32318313.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:
    9. On the Edge of a Precipice: A Bridge to Options for Patients with End-Stage Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock. ASAIO J. 2020 03; 66(3):e59. Cheng R, Esmailian F, Moriguchi J. PMID: 31977353.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    
    10. Comparison of 30-Day Unplanned Readmissions to the Index Versus Nonindex Hospital After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Am J Cardiol. 2020 05 01; 125(9):1287-1294. Kwok CS, Kalra A, Velagapudi P, Park K, Mohamed M, Alraies MC, Cheng RK, Bagur R, Mamas MA. PMID: 32151435.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    11. Extracellular Volume as an Imaging Biomarker for Incident Heart Failure. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019 12; 12(12):e010152. Cheng RK, Masri SC. PMID: 31838884.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    12. Percutaneous Mitral Repair for Patients in Cardiogenic Shock Requiring Inotropes and Temporary Mechanical Circulatory Support. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2019 12 09; 12(23):2440-2441. Cheng R, Dawkins S, Hamilton MA, Makar M, Hussaini A, Azarbal B, Patel JK, Kobashigawa JA, Trento A, Makkar RR, Kar S. PMID: 31806229.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    13. A validated risk stratification tool for detecting high-risk small bowel Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020 01; 51(2):281-290. Shen EX, Lord A, Doecke JD, Hanigan K, Irwin J, Cheng RKY, Radford-Smith G. PMID: 31769537.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    14. Clinical Outcomes of Impella Microaxial Devices Used to Salvage Cardiogenic Shock as a Bridge to Durable Circulatory Support or Cardiac Transplantation. ASAIO J. 2019 Sep/Oct; 65(7):642-648. Cheng R, Tank R, Ramzy D, Azarbal B, Chung J, Esmailian F, Kobashigawa JA, Moriguchi JD, Arabia FA. PMID: 30281541.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    15. Does ex vivo perfusion lead to more or less intimal thickening in the first-year post-heart transplantation? Clin Transplant. 2019 08; 33(8):e13648. Sato T, Azarbal B, Cheng R, Esmailian F, Patel J, Kittleson M, Czer L, Thottam M, Levine R, Dimbil S, Olymbios M, Anzai T, Hamilton MA, Khayal T, Kobashigawa JA. PMID: 31230384.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:HumansCTClinical Trials
    16. Combined heart and kidney transplantation-Is there a protective effect against cardiac allograft vasculopathy using intravascular ultrasound? J Heart Lung Transplant. 2019 09; 38(9):956-962. Sato T, Cheng R, Azarbal B, Kittleson M, Patel J, Czer L, Levine R, Dimbil S, Olymbios M, Anzai T, Kransdorf E, Chang DH, Hamilton MA, Esmailian F, Kobashigawa J. PMID: 31301966.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1     Fields:    
    17. Moderate or severe valvular heart disease and outcomes in allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Int J Cardiol. 2019 10 01; 292:166-170. Brusen RM, Cheng RK, Masri SC, Leedy D, Sorror ML. PMID: 31171392.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    18. Accuracy of Doppler blood pressure measurement in continuous-flow left ventricular assist device patients. ESC Heart Fail. 2019 08; 6(4):793-798. Li S, Beckman JA, Welch NG, Bjelkengren J, Masri SC, Minami E, Stempien-Otero A, Levy WC, O'Brien KD, Lin S, Farris SD, Cheng RK, Wood G, Koomalsingh K, Kirkpatrick J, McCabe J, Leary PJ, Chassagne F, Chivukula VK, Aliseda A, Mahr C. PMID: 31099483.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    19. Update in the use of percutaneous coronary intervention for cardiac allograft vasculopathy after heart transplantation. OBM Transplantation. 2019; 3(2). Cheng R, Kobashigawa J.View Publication.
    20. Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: Is There Increasing Overlap? Curr Oncol Rep. 2019 04 06; 21(6):47. Vincent L, Leedy D, Masri SC, Cheng RK. PMID: 30955114.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 3     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    21. Cleft mitral leaflets and severe mitral regurgitation: Testing the limits of percutaneous mitral valve repair. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2019 05 01; 93(6):1161-1164. Cheng R, Kar S, Siegel RJ, Nakamura M. PMID: 30430718.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    22. Imaging for Mitral Interventions: Methods and Efficacy. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018 06; 11(6):872-901. Wunderlich NC, Beigel R, Ho SY, Nietlispach F, Cheng R, Agricola E, Siegel RJ. PMID: 29880112.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    23. Angiogenesis on coronary angiography is a marker for accelerated cardiac allograft vasculopathy as assessed by intravascular ultrasound. Clin Transplant. 2017 Nov; 31(11). Cheng R, Kransdorf EP, Wei J, Patel JK, Kobashigawa JA, Azarbal B. PMID: 28786501.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    24. Relation of Residual Mitral Regurgitation Despite Elevated Mitral Gradients to Risk of Heart Failure Hospitalization After MitraClip Repair. Am J Cardiol. 2017 Nov 01; 120(9):1595-1600. Cheng R, Dawkins S, Tat E, Makar M, Hussaini A, Makkar RR, Trento A, Siegel RJ, Kar S. PMID: 29025679.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 4     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    25. Pulmonary function tests do not predict mortality in patients undergoing continuous-flow left ventricular assist device implantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017 12; 154(6):1959-1970.e1. Bedzra EKS, Dardas TF, Cheng RK, Pal JD, Mahr C, Smith JW, Shively K, Masri SC, Levy WC, Mokadam NA. PMID: 28526500.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    26. Nonpharmacological approaches to refractory angina. Heart Metab. 2017; (72):18-24. Cheng R, Henry TD.View Publication.
    27. Long-term clinical and angiographic outcomes of percutanenous coronary intervention with everolimus-eluting stents for the treatment of cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2017 Jul; 90(1):48-55. Cheng R, Vanichsarn C, Patel JK, Currier J, Chang DH, Kittleson MM, Makkar R, Kobashigawa JA, Azarbal B. PMID: 27862865.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    28. Mitral annular calcification is not associated with decreased procedural success, durability of repair, or left ventricular remodelling in percutaneous edge-to-edge repair of mitral regurgitation. EuroIntervention. 2016 Oct 20; 12(9):1176-1184. Cheng R, Tat E, Siegel RJ, Arsanjani R, Hussaini A, Makar M, Mizutani Y, Trento A, Kar S. PMID: 27753604.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    29. Device Strategies for Patients in INTERMACS Profiles 1 and 2 Cardiogenic Shock: Double Bridge With Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Initial Implant of More Durable Devices. Artif Organs. 2017 Mar; 41(3):224-232. Cheng R, Ramzy D, Azarbal B, Arabia FA, Esmailian F, Czer LS, Kobashigawa JA, Moriguchi JD. PMID: 27658844.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 4     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    30. ACC.org: Stable Ischemic Heart Disease. American College of Cardiology. Transplant CAD: the role of PCI in the transplanted heart. Expert Analysis. 2016. Cheng R, Kobashigawa JA.View Publication.
    31. Elevated immune monitoring as measured by increased adenosine triphosphate production in activated lymphocytes is associated with accelerated development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy after cardiac transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2016 08; 35(8):1018-23. Cheng R, Azarbal B, Yung A, Patel JK, Chang DH, Liou F, Makkar R, Kobashigawa JA. PMID: 27138702.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    32. Induction Therapy With Antithymocyte Globulin in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Transplantation Is Associated With Decreased Coronary Plaque Progression as Assessed by Intravascular Ultrasound. Circ Heart Fail. 2016 Jan; 9(1):e002252. Azarbal B, Cheng R, Vanichsarn C, Patel JK, Czer LS, Chang DH, Kittleson MM, Kobashigawa JA. PMID: 26747860.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    33. Forty Years of Chest Pain: A Case Report and Contemporary Review of the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Options for Myocardial Bridging. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2016; 17(1-2):69-75. Tat E, Cheng R, Helfenstein JS. PMID: 27667384.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    34. Not Your Typical Hole-in-the-Wall: Percutaneous Closure of an Acquired Post-Myocardial Infarction Ventriculoatrial Gerbode Defect. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2015 Dec 21; 8(14):1905-6. Cheng R, Arsanjani R, Tat E, Cox J, Uberoi A, Aron R, Kar S. PMID: 26604054.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    35. Late Surgical Bleeding Following Total Artificial Heart Implantation. J Card Surg. 2015 Oct; 30(10):771-4. Hermsen JL, Smith JW, Pal JD, Mahr C, Masri SC, Dardas TF, Cheng RK, Mokadam NA. PMID: 26286927.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    36. Lack of Survival Benefit Found With Use of Intraaortic Balloon Pump in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Pooled Experience of 1517 Patients. J Invasive Cardiol. 2015 Oct; 27(10):453-8. Cheng R, Hachamovitch R, Makkar R, Ramzy D, Moriguchi JD, Arabia FA, Esmailian F, Azarbal B. PMID: 26208379.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 10     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    37. Randomized pilot trial of gene expression profiling versus heart biopsy in the first year after heart transplant: early invasive monitoring attenuation through gene expression trial. Circ Heart Fail. 2015 May; 8(3):557-64. Kobashigawa J, Patel J, Azarbal B, Kittleson M, Chang D, Czer L, Daun T, Luu M, Trento A, Cheng R, Esmailian F. PMID: 25697852.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 10     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    38. Heeding the sign: macroscopic T-wave alternans. Am J Med. 2015 May; 128(5):480-3. Cheng R, Chan AP, Ehdaie A, Bersohn MM. PMID: 25637757.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    39. Elevated immune monitoring early after cardiac transplantation is associated with increased plaque progression by intravascular ultrasound. Clin Transplant. 2015 Feb; 29(2):103-9. Cheng R, Azarbal B, Yung A, Chang DH, Patel JK, Kobashigawa JA. PMID: 25429902.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    40. Tricuspid Regurgitation, the Forgotten Valvular Lesion-A Contemporary Review of Etiology, Prevalence, and Management Options. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2015; 16(3):171-81. Cheng R, Azarbal A, Currier J, Thomson LE, Hamilton MA, Esmailian F, Azarbal B. PMID: 26451764.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1     Fields:    
    41. Percutaneous angioplasty of stenotic outflow graft anastomosis of HeartMate II. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2014 Jun; 7(6):700-3. Cheng RK, Aboulhosn J, Nsair A. PMID: 24835325.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    42. Clinical outcomes in fulminant myocarditis requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a weighted meta-analysis of 170 patients. J Card Fail. 2014 Jun; 20(6):400-6. Cheng R, Hachamovitch R, Kittleson M, Patel J, Arabia F, Moriguchi J, Esmailian F, Azarbal B. PMID: 24642377.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 13     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    43. Development of an anatomical wrist joint coordinate system to quantify motion during functional tasks. J Appl Biomech. 2014 Aug; 30(4):586-93. Hillstrom HJ, Garg R, Kraszewski A, Lenhoff M, Carter T, Backus SI, Wolff A, Syrkin G, Cheng R, Wolfe SW. PMID: 24615208.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 3     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    44. Piezoelectric electrocardiographic artifact in a patient after surgery with bradycardia and hypotension. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2014 Nov; 19(6):598-600. Cheng R, Chakravarty T. PMID: 24602168.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    45. Prevalence of coronary artery fistulae after cardiac surgery. Comparison between coronary artery bypass grafting, valve surgery, and orthotopic heart transplantation. Herz. 2015 Mar; 40 Suppl 1:51-5. Young A, Cheng R, Wei J, Esmailian F, Currier J, Azarbal B. PMID: 24577076.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    46. Molecular basis of recovering on mechanical circulatory support. Heart Fail Clin. 2014 Jan; 10(1 Suppl):S57-62. Nsair A, Liem DA, Cadeiras M, Cheng RK, Allareddy M, Kwon M, Shemin R, Deng MC. PMID: 24262353.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    47. Complications of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for treatment of cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest: a meta-analysis of 1,866 adult patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 2014 Feb; 97(2):610-6. Cheng R, Hachamovitch R, Kittleson M, Patel J, Arabia F, Moriguchi J, Esmailian F, Azarbal B. PMID: 24210621.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 71     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    48. Frequency of coronary artery fistulae is increased after orthotopic heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2013 Jul; 32(7):744-6. Wei J, Azarbal B, Singh S, Rafiei M, Cheng R, Patel J, Esmailian F, Currier J, Kobashigawa J. PMID: 23664527.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    49. Risks from Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation: A Review of Methods, Efficacy, and Safety. J Atr Fibrillation. 2012 Apr-May; 4(6):455. Cheng R, Chang M, Yuan Ng C. PMID: 28496733.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:
    50. The development of an intraoperative plantar pressure assessment device. Foot Ankle Int. 2009 Apr; 30(4):333-40. Ellis SJ, Hillstrom H, Cheng R, Lipman J, Garrison G, Deland JT. PMID: 19356358.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    Translation:HumansCTClinical Trials
    51. Treatment of proximal interphalangeal dorsal fracture-dislocation injuries with dynamic external fixation: a pins and rubber band system. J Hand Surg Am. 2007 Oct; 32(8):1242-50. Ellis SJ, Cheng R, Prokopis P, Chetboun A, Wolfe SW, Athanasian EA, Weiland AJ. PMID: 17923310.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 9     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    52. Inhibitors of metabolism rescue cell death in Huntington's disease models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Sep 04; 104(36):14525-30. Varma H, Cheng R, Voisine C, Hart AC, Stockwell BR. PMID: 17726098.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 24     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    53. Cyclin A2 induces cardiac regeneration after myocardial infarction and prevents heart failure. Circ Res. 2007 Jun 22; 100(12):1741-8. Cheng RK, Asai T, Tang H, Dashoush NH, Kara RJ, Costa KD, Naka Y, Wu EX, Wolgemuth DJ, Chaudhry HW. PMID: 17495221.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 39     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    54. Myocardial regeneration therapy for ischemic cardiomyopathy with cyclin A2. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007 Apr; 133(4):927-33. Woo YJ, Panlilio CM, Cheng RK, Liao GP, Suarez EE, Atluri P, Chaudhry HW. PMID: 17382628.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 10     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    Richard's Networks
    Concepts (246)
    Derived automatically from this person's publications.
    Explore
    _
    Co-Authors (6)
    People in Profiles who have published with this person.
    Explore
    _
    Similar People (60)
    People who share similar concepts with this person.
    Explore
    _
    Same Department
    Search Department
    _
    ↑