Robert Raffai, PhD

Title(s)Professor, Surgery
SchoolSchool of Medicine
Address4150 Clement St
San Francisco CA 94121
Phone415-221-4810 ext. 22541
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    Collapse Biography 
    Collapse Education and Training
    McGill University, Montreal, QCB.S.05/1990Biochemistry
    University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONPh.D05/1998Biochemistry

    Collapse Overview 
    Collapse Overview
    The focus of our laboratory rests with exploring the influence of metabolic stress on accelerated atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease. Specifically, our interest is in how a protein called apolipoprotein E controls hematopoiesis through microRNA regulation to suppress atherosclerosis beyond its ability to lower plasma lipid levels.

    A second interest of our laboratory explores how diabetic hyperglycemia contributes to differential microRNA biogenesis in mature immune cells and their progenitors. Specifically, we examine how this impacts on the release of these microRNAs into extracellular vesicles including exosomes to impact systemic and vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis.

    Our goal is to develop engineered exosomes with defined microRNA cargo as new nanobiological effectors to control inflammation and atherosclerosis.

    Collapse Research 
    Collapse Research Activities and Funding
    BLRD Research Career Scientist Award Application
    NIH IK6BX005692Apr 1, 2021 - Mar 31, 2026
    Role: Principal Investigator
    P.R.I.S.M: Purification of exRNA by Immuno-capture and Sorting using Microfluidic
    NIH UH3CA241703Sep 1, 2019 - Aug 31, 2023
    Role: Principal Investigator
    P.R.I.S.M: Purification of exRNA by Immuno-capture and Sorting using Microfluidic
    NIH UG3CA241703Sep 1, 2019 - Aug 31, 2021
    Role: Principal Investigator
    Exosomes in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Atherosclerosis & its Treatment Opportunities
    VA I01BX003928Jul 1, 2019 - Jul 1, 2023
    Role: Principal Investigator
    Exosomes in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Atherosclerosis & its Treatment Opportunities
    NIH I01BX003928Jul 1, 2019 - Jun 30, 2023
    Role: Principal Investigator
    Immune Modulation and Cardiac Remodeling
    VA I01BX002994Oct 1, 2016 - Sep 30, 2020
    Role: Co-Investigator
    Hyperglycemia and MicroRNA Dysregulation of Inflammation in Atherosclerosis
    NIH R01HL133575Jun 1, 2016 - Mar 31, 2021
    Role: Principal Investigator
    Hyperglycemia Dysregulation of MicroRNA in Myeloid Cells: Impact on Atherosclerosis Regression
    American Heart Association 16GRNT27640007Jan 1, 2016 - Dec 31, 2017
    Role: Principal Investigator
    In Vivo Regulated Release and Function of Extracellular Small RNAs
    NIH/NCI U19CA179512Sep 1, 2013 - Aug 31, 2018
    Role: Co-Investigator
    Does Diabetic Hyperglycemia Regulate Atherosclerosis Progression and Regression?
    NIH I01BX000532Oct 1, 2009 - Jun 30, 2014
    Role: Principal Investigator
    Role of apolipoprotein E4 in the progression and regression of atherosclerosis
    NIH R01HL089871Sep 26, 2007 - Jun 30, 2014
    Role: Principal Investigator

    Collapse ORNG Applications 
    Collapse Academic Senate

    Collapse Bibliographic 
    Collapse Publications
    Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Researchers can login to make corrections and additions, or contact us for help. to make corrections and additions.
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    Altmetrics Details PMC Citations indicate the number of times the publication was cited by articles in PubMed Central, and the Altmetric score represents citations in news articles and social media. (Note that publications are often cited in additional ways that are not shown here.) Fields are based on how the National Library of Medicine (NLM) classifies the publication's journal and might not represent the specific topic of the publication. Translation tags are based on the publication type and the MeSH terms NLM assigns to the publication. Some publications (especially newer ones and publications not in PubMed) might not yet be assigned Field or Translation tags.) Click a Field or Translation tag to filter the publications.
    1. IL-4 polarized human macrophage exosomes control cardiometabolic inflammation and diabetes in obesity. Mol Ther. 2022 Mar 12. Phu TA, Ng M, Vu NK, Bouchareychas L, Raffai RL. PMID: 35292359.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:
    2. Visualizing transfer of microbial biomolecules by outer membrane vesicles in microbe-host-communication in vivo. J Extracell Vesicles. 2021 10; 10(12):e12159. Bittel M, Reichert P, Sarfati I, Dressel A, Leikam S, Uderhardt S, Stolzer I, Phu TA, Ng M, Vu NK, Tenzer S, Distler U, Wirtz S, Rothhammer V, Neurath MF, Raffai RL, Günther C, Momma S. PMID: 34664784; PMCID: PMC8524437.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:
    3. High glucose macrophage exosomes enhance atherosclerosis by driving cellular proliferation & hematopoiesis. iScience. 2021 Aug 20; 24(8):102847. Bouchareychas L, Duong P, Phu TA, Alsop E, Meechoovet B, Reiman R, Ng M, Yamamoto R, Nakauchi H, Gasper WJ, Van Keuren-Jensen K, Raffai RL. PMID: 34381972; PMCID: PMC8333149.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:
    4. M2 macrophage exosomes regulate hematopoiesis & resolve inflammation in atherosclerosis via microrna cargo. Atherosclerosis. 2020 Dec 1; 315:e2-e3. Bouchareychas BL, Duong DP, Covarrubias CS, Alsop AE, Phu PT, Chung CA, Gomes GM, Wong WD, Meechoovet MB, Capili CA, Yamamoto YR, Nakauchi NH, Mcmanus MM, Carpenter CS, Van Keuren-Jensen VK, Raffai RR. .
      View in: Publisher Site   Mentions:
    5. Abstract 15839: Patients With Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms Have Reduced Levels of MicroRNA 122-5p in Circulating Exosomes. Circulation. 2020 Nov 17; 142(Suppl_3). Lopez LJ, Ramirez RJ, Anh Phu AT, Duong DP, Bouchareychas BL, Kuhrau KC, Lin LP, Conte CM, Vartanian VS, Raffai RR, Oskowitz OA. .
      View in: Publisher Site   Mentions:
    6. Abstract 17293: Hyperglycemia Enhances Pro-Inflammatory Properties of Macrophage-Derived Exosomes to Drive Hematopoiesis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mouse. Circulation. 2020 Nov 17; 142(Suppl_3). Bouchareychas BL, Duong DP, Phu PT, Alsop AE, meechoovet mb, Yamamoto YR, Nakauchi NH, Van Keuren-Jensen Vk, Raffai RR. .
      View in: Publisher Site   Mentions:
    7. Correction: Cushioned-Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation (C-DGUC) improves the isolation efficiency of extracellular vesicles. PLoS One. 2020; 15(7):e0236914. Duong P, Chung A, Bouchareychas L, Raffai RL. PMID: 32702013; PMCID: PMC7377479.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1     Fields:    
    8. Macrophage Exosomes Resolve Atherosclerosis by Regulating Hematopoiesis and Inflammation via MicroRNA Cargo. Cell Rep. 2020 07 14; 32(2):107881. Bouchareychas L, Duong P, Covarrubias S, Alsop E, Phu TA, Chung A, Gomes M, Wong D, Meechoovet B, Capili A, Yamamoto R, Nakauchi H, McManus MT, Carpenter S, Van Keuren-Jensen K, Raffai RL. PMID: 32668250; PMCID: PMC8143919.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 12     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    9. Circulating exosomes from patients with peripheral artery disease influence vascular cell migration and contain distinct microRNA cargo. JVS Vasc Sci. 2020; 1:28-41. Sorrentino TA, Duong P, Bouchareychas L, Chen M, Chung A, Schaller MS, Oskowitz A, Raffai RL, Conte MS. PMID: 32550603; PMCID: PMC7299234.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 4  
    10. Cushioned-Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation (C-DGUC) improves the isolation efficiency of extracellular vesicles. PLoS One. 2019; 14(4):e0215324. Duong P, Chung A, Bouchareychas L, Raffai RL. PMID: 30973950; PMCID: PMC6459479.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 17     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    11. The Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium: Establishing Foundational Knowledge and Technologies for Extracellular RNA Research. Cell. 2019 04 04; 177(2):231-242. Das S, Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium, Ansel KM, Bitzer M, Breakefield XO, Charest A, Galas DJ, Gerstein MB, Gupta M, Milosavljevic A, McManus MT, Patel T, Raffai RL, Rozowsky J, Roth ME, Saugstad JA, Van Keuren-Jensen K, Weaver AM, Laurent LC. PMID: 30951667; PMCID: PMC6601620.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 52     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    12. Small RNA Sequencing across Diverse Biofluids Identifies Optimal Methods for exRNA Isolation. Cell. 2019 04 04; 177(2):446-462.e16. Srinivasan S, Yeri A, Cheah PS, Chung A, Danielson K, De Hoff P, Filant J, Laurent CD, Laurent LD, Magee R, Moeller C, Murthy VL, Nejad P, Paul A, Rigoutsos I, Rodosthenous R, Shah RV, Simonson B, To C, Wong D, Yan IK, Zhang X, Balaj L, Breakefield XO, Daaboul G, Gandhi R, Lapidus J, Londin E, Patel T, Raffai RL, Sood AK, Alexander RP, Das S, Laurent LC. PMID: 30951671; PMCID: PMC6557167.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 61     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    13. exRNA Atlas Analysis Reveals Distinct Extracellular RNA Cargo Types and Their Carriers Present across Human Biofluids. Cell. 2019 04 04; 177(2):463-477.e15. Murillo OD, Thistlethwaite W, Rozowsky J, Subramanian SL, Lucero R, Shah N, Jackson AR, Srinivasan S, Chung A, Laurent CD, Kitchen RR, Galeev T, Warrell J, Diao JA, Welsh JA, Hanspers K, Riutta A, Burgstaller-Muehlbacher S, Shah RV, Yeri A, Jenkins LM, Ahsen ME, Cordon-Cardo C, Dogra N, Gifford SM, Smith JT, Stolovitzky G, Tewari AK, Wunsch BH, Yadav KK, Danielson KM, Filant J, Moeller C, Nejad P, Paul A, Simonson B, Wong DK, Zhang X, Balaj L, Gandhi R, Sood AK, Alexander RP, Wang L, Wu C, Wong DTW, Galas DJ, Van Keuren-Jensen K, Patel T, Jones JC, Das S, Cheung KH, Pico AR, Su AI, Raffai RL, Laurent LC, Roth ME, Gerstein MB, Milosavljevic A. PMID: 30951672; PMCID: PMC6616370.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 66     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    14. Female mice with apolipoprotein E4 domain interaction demonstrated impairments in spatial learning and memory performance and disruption of hippocampal cyto-architecture. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2019 05; 161:106-114. Adeosun SO, Hou X, Shi L, Stockmeier CA, Zheng B, Raffai RL, Weisgraber KH, Mosley TH, Wang JM. PMID: 30954674; PMCID: PMC6628694.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    15. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines. J Extracell Vesicles. 2018; 7(1):1535750. Théry C, Witwer KW, Aikawa E, Alcaraz MJ, Anderson JD, Andriantsitohaina R, Antoniou A, Arab T, Archer F, Atkin-Smith GK, Ayre DC, Bach JM, Bachurski D, Baharvand H, Balaj L, Baldacchino S, Bauer NN, Baxter AA, Bebawy M, Beckham C, Bedina Zavec A, Benmoussa A, Berardi AC, Bergese P, Bielska E, Blenkiron C, Bobis-Wozowicz S, Boilard E, Boireau W, Bongiovanni A, Borràs FE, Bosch S, Boulanger CM, Breakefield X, Breglio AM, Brennan MÁ, Brigstock DR, Brisson A, Broekman ML, Bromberg JF, Bryl-Górecka P, Buch S, Buck AH, Burger D, Busatto S, Buschmann D, Bussolati B, Buzás EI, Byrd JB, Camussi G, Carter DR, Caruso S, Chamley LW, Chang YT, Chen C, Chen S, Cheng L, Chin AR, Clayton A, Clerici SP, Cocks A, Cocucci E, Coffey RJ, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Couch Y, Coumans FA, Coyle B, Crescitelli R, Criado MF, D'Souza-Schorey C, Das S, Datta Chaudhuri A, de Candia P, De Santana EF, De Wever O, Del Portillo HA, Demaret T, Deville S, Devitt A, Dhondt B, Di Vizio D, Dieterich LC, Dolo V, Dominguez Rubio AP, Dominici M, Dourado MR, Driedonks TA, Duarte FV, Duncan HM, Eichenberger RM, Ekström K, El Andaloussi S, Elie-Caille C, Erdbrügger U, Falcón-Pérez JM, Fatima F, Fish JE, Flores-Bellver M, Försönits A, Frelet-Barrand A, Fricke F, Fuhrmann G, Gabrielsson S, Gámez-Valero A, Gardiner C, Gärtner K, Gaudin R, Gho YS, Giebel B, Gilbert C, Gimona M, Giusti I, Goberdhan DC, Görgens A, Gorski SM, Greening DW, Gross JC, Gualerzi A, Gupta GN, Gustafson D, Handberg A, Haraszti RA, Harrison P, Hegyesi H, Hendrix A, Hill AF, Hochberg FH, Hoffmann KF, Holder B, Holthofer H, Hosseinkhani B, Hu G, Huang Y, Huber V, Hunt S, Ibrahim AG, Ikezu T, Inal JM, Isin M, Ivanova A, Jackson HK, Jacobsen S, Jay SM, Jayachandran M, Jenster G, Jiang L, Johnson SM, Jones JC, Jong A, Jovanovic-Talisman T, Jung S, Kalluri R, Kano SI, Kaur S, Kawamura Y, Keller ET, Khamari D, Khomyakova E, Khvorova A, Kierulf P, Kim KP, Kislinger T, Klingeborn M, Klinke DJ, Kornek M, Kosanovic MM, Kovács ÁF, Krämer-Albers EM, Krasemann S, Krause M, Kurochkin IV, Kusuma GD, Kuypers S, Laitinen S, Langevin SM, Languino LR, Lannigan J, Lässer C, Laurent LC, Lavieu G, Lázaro-Ibáñez E, Le Lay S, Lee MS, Lee YXF, Lemos DS, Lenassi M, Leszczynska A, Li IT, Liao K, Libregts SF, Ligeti E, Lim R, Lim SK, Line A, Linnemannstöns K, Llorente A, Lombard CA, Lorenowicz MJ, Lörincz ÁM, Lötvall J, Lovett J, Lowry MC, Loyer X, Lu Q, Lukomska B, Lunavat TR, Maas SL, Malhi H, Marcilla A, Mariani J, Mariscal J, Martens-Uzunova ES, Martin-Jaular L, Martinez MC, Martins VR, Mathieu M, Mathivanan S, Maugeri M, McGinnis LK, McVey MJ, Meckes DG, Meehan KL, Mertens I, Minciacchi VR, Möller A, Møller Jørgensen M, Morales-Kastresana A, Morhayim J, Mullier F, Muraca M, Musante L, Mussack V, Muth DC, Myburgh KH, Najrana T, Nawaz M, Nazarenko I, Nejsum P, Neri C, Neri T, Nieuwland R, Nimrichter L, Nolan JP, Nolte-'t Hoen EN, Noren Hooten N, O'Driscoll L, O'Grady T, O'Loghlen A, Ochiya T, Olivier M, Ortiz A, Ortiz LA, Osteikoetxea X, Østergaard O, Ostrowski M, Park J, Pegtel DM, Peinado H, Perut F, Pfaffl MW, Phinney DG, Pieters BC, Pink RC, Pisetsky DS, Pogge von Strandmann E, Polakovicova I, Poon IK, Powell BH, Prada I, Pulliam L, Quesenberry P, Radeghieri A, Raffai RL, Raimondo S, Rak J, Ramirez MI, Raposo G, Rayyan MS, Regev-Rudzki N, Ricklefs FL, Robbins PD, Roberts DD, Rodrigues SC, Rohde E, Rome S, Rouschop KM, Rughetti A, Russell AE, Saá P, Sahoo S, Salas-Huenuleo E, Sánchez C, Saugstad JA, Saul MJ, Schiffelers RM, Schneider R, Schøyen TH, Scott A, Shahaj E, Sharma S, Shatnyeva O, Shekari F, Shelke GV, Shetty AK, Shiba K, Siljander PR, Silva AM, Skowronek A, Snyder OL, Soares RP, Sódar BW, Soekmadji C, Sotillo J, Stahl PD, Stoorvogel W, Stott SL, Strasser EF, et al. PMID: 30637094; PMCID: PMC6322352.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1747  
    16. MicroRNA-146a & hematopoiesis: friend or foe in atherosclerosis. Noncoding RNA Investig. 2018 Jul; 2. Raffai RL. PMID: 30101215; PMCID: PMC6086356.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:
    17. Apolipoprotein E and Atherosclerosis: From Lipoprotein Metabolism to MicroRNA Control of Inflammation. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2018 May 23; 5(2). Bouchareychas L, Raffai RL. PMID: 29789495; PMCID: PMC6023389.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 6  
    18. Abstract 184: Hyperglycemia Enhances Pro-inflammatory Properties of Macrophage-derived Exosomes to Drive Hematopoiesis in Apolipoprotein E-deficient Mouse. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. 2018 May 1; 38(Suppl_1). Bouchareychas BL, Chung CA, Wong WD, Duong DP, Raffai RR. .
      View in: Publisher Site   Mentions:
    19. Abstract 408: ApoE Regulation of Hematopoiesis Suppresses Atherosclerosis by Reducing Adaptive Immunity in Hyperlipidemic Mice. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. 2018 May 1; 38(Suppl_1). Bouchareychas BL, Yamamoto YR, Luk LF, Kim KR, Wong WD, Villeneuva VJ, Duong DP, Chung CA, Nakauchi NH, Raffai RR. .
      View in: Publisher Site   Mentions:
    20. Abstract 262: Circulating Exosomes from PAD Patients Modulate Vascular Repair and Inflammation. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. 2018 May 1; 38(Suppl_1). Sorrentino ST, Duong DP, Bouchareychas BL, Sansbury SB, Mitchell MP, Chen CM, Chung CA, Schaller SM, Spite SM, Raffai RR, Conte CM. .
      View in: Publisher Site   Mentions:
    21. Abstract 443: Cushioned-Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation (C-DGUC) Improves the Isolation Efficiency of Exosomes for their use in Atherosclerosis Research. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. 2018 May 1; 38(Suppl_1). Duong DP, Chung CA, Wong WD, Li LK, Hong HK, Bouchareychas BL, Raffai RR. .
      View in: Publisher Site   Mentions:
    22. Advances, challenges, and opportunities in extracellular RNA biology: insights from the NIH exRNA Strategic Workshop. JCI Insight. 2018 04 05; 3(7). Li K, Rodosthenous RS, Kashanchi F, Gingeras T, Gould SJ, Kuo LS, Kurre P, Lee H, Leonard JN, Liu H, Lombo TB, Momma S, Nolan JP, Ochocinska MJ, Pegtel DM, Sadovsky Y, Sánchez-Madrid F, Valdes KM, Vickers KC, Weaver AM, Witwer KW, Zeng Y, Das S, Raffai RL, Howcroft TK. PMID: 29618663; PMCID: PMC5928855.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 18     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    23. Cushioned-Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation (C-DGUC): A Refined and High Performance Method for the Isolation, Characterization, and Use of Exosomes. Methods Mol Biol. 2018; 1740:69-83. Li K, Wong DK, Hong KY, Raffai RL. PMID: 29388137; PMCID: PMC6476194.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 27     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    24. Isolation of Plasma Lipoproteins as a Source of Extracellular RNA. Methods Mol Biol. 2018; 1740:139-153. Li K, Wong DK, Luk FS, Kim RY, Raffai RL. PMID: 29388141; PMCID: PMC6476197.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 7     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimals
    25. Therapeutic control of systemic inflammation & atherosclerosis with ApoE-polarized macrophage exosomes. Atherosclerosis. 2017 Aug 1; 263:e5-e6. Raffai RR, Li LK, Wong WD, Hong HJ. .
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    26. Hyperpolarized 13 C magnetic resonance evaluation of renal ischemia reperfusion injury in a murine model. NMR Biomed. 2017 Oct; 30(10). Baligand C, Qin H, True-Yasaki A, Gordon JW, von Morze C, Santos JD, Wilson DM, Raffai R, Cowley PM, Baker AJ, Kurhanewicz J, Lovett DH, Wang ZJ. PMID: 28708304; PMCID: PMC5618802.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 8     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    27. An intracellular matrix metalloproteinase-2 isoform induces tubular regulated necrosis: implications for acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2017 06 01; 312(6):F1166-F1183. Ceron CS, Baligand C, Joshi S, Wanga S, Cowley PM, Walker JP, Song SH, Mahimkar R, Baker AJ, Raffai RL, Wang ZJ, Lovett DH. PMID: 28331061; PMCID: PMC5495883.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 5     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    28. Extending gene ontology in the context of extracellular RNA and vesicle communication. J Biomed Semantics. 2016; 7:19. Cheung KH, Keerthikumar S, Roncaglia P, Subramanian SL, Roth ME, Samuel M, Anand S, Gangoda L, Gould S, Alexander R, Galas D, Gerstein MB, Hill AF, Kitchen RR, Lötvall J, Patel T, Procaccini DC, Quesenberry P, Rozowsky J, Raffai RL, Shypitsyna A, Su AI, Théry C, Vickers K, Wauben MH, Mathivanan S, Milosavljevic A, Laurent LC. PMID: 27076901; PMCID: PMC4830068.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 14     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    29. Inhibition of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Enhances the Apoptosis Induced by Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein in Endothelial Progenitor Cells. J Vasc Res. 2015; 52(6):361-71. Tie G, Yan J, Messina JA, Raffai RL, Messina LM. PMID: 27031525.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    30. Immunosuppression With FTY720 Reverses Cardiac Dysfunction in Hypomorphic ApoE Mice Deficient in SR-BI Expression That Survive Myocardial Infarction Caused by Coronary Atherosclerosis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2016 Jan; 67(1):47-56. Luk FS, Kim RY, Li K, Ching D, Wong DK, Joshi SK, Imhof I, Honbo N, Hoover H, Zhu BQ, Lovett DH, Karliner JS, Raffai RL. PMID: 26322923; PMCID: PMC4703534.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 8     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    31. Meeting report: discussions and preliminary findings on extracellular RNA measurement methods from laboratories in the NIH Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium. J Extracell Vesicles. 2015; 4:26533. Laurent LC, Abdel-Mageed AB, Adelson PD, Arango J, Balaj L, Breakefield X, Carlson E, Carter BS, Majem B, Chen CC, Cocucci E, Danielson K, Courtright A, Das S, Abd Elmageed ZY, Enderle D, Ezrin A, Ferrer M, Freedman J, Galas D, Gandhi R, Huentelman MJ, Van Keuren-Jensen K, Kalani Y, Kim Y, Krichevsky AM, Lai C, Lal-Nag M, Laurent CD, Leonardo T, Li F, Malenica I, Mondal D, Nejad P, Patel T, Raffai RL, Rubio R, Skog J, Spetzler R, Sun J, Tanriverdi K, Vickers K, Wang L, Wang Y, Wei Z, Weiner HL, Wong D, Yan IK, Yeri A, Gould S. PMID: 26320937; PMCID: PMC4553263.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 26  
    32. Biogenesis, delivery, and function of extracellular RNA. J Extracell Vesicles. 2015; 4:27494. Patton JG, Franklin JL, Weaver AM, Vickers K, Zhang B, Coffey RJ, Ansel KM, Blelloch R, Goga A, Huang B, L'Etoille N, Raffai RL, Lai CP, Krichevsky AM, Mateescu B, Greiner VJ, Hunter C, Voinnet O, McManus MT. PMID: 26320939; PMCID: PMC4553266.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 31  
    33. Apolipoprotein e e4 domain interaction in size of hippocampal subregions, density of newborn neurons, and cognitive behaviors. Alzheimer's & Dementia. 2015 Jul 1; 11(7):p491-p492. Adeosun AS, Hou HX, Zhao ZX, Stockmeier SC, Mosley MT, Zheng ZB, Raffai RR, Zhang ZQ, Weisgraber WK, Wang WJ. .
      View in: Publisher Site   Mentions:
    34. Abstract 155: MicroRNA-146a Suppression of NF-?B-driven Monocyte/Macrophage Activation and Atherosclerosis is Regulated by Cellular ApoE Expression. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. 2015 May 1; 35(suppl_1). Li LK, Ching CD, Luk LF, Raffai RR. .
      View in: Publisher Site   Mentions:
    35. Abstract 23: Immunosuppression with FTY720 Reverses Cardiac Dysfunction to Prevent Chronic Heart Failure in Mice that Survive Diet-induced Myocardial Infarction. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. 2015 May 1; 35(suppl_1). Luk LF, Kim KR, Li LK, Ching CD, Joshi JS, Honbo HN, Imhof II, Zhu ZB, Lovett LD, Karliner KJ, Raffai RR. .
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    36. Apolipoprotein E enhances microRNA-146a in monocytes and macrophages to suppress nuclear factor-κB-driven inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 2015 Jun 19; 117(1):e1-e11. Li K, Ching D, Luk FS, Raffai RL. PMID: 25904598; PMCID: PMC4475484.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 58     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    37. Apolipoprotein E and Atherosclerosis: Beyond Lipid Effects. Apolipoprotein Mimetics in the Management of Human Disease. 2015 Jan 1; 119-134. Raffai RR. .
      View in: Publisher Site   Mentions:
    38. A screen in mice uncovers repression of lipoprotein lipase by microRNA-29a as a mechanism for lipid distribution away from the liver. Hepatology. 2015 Jan; 61(1):141-52. Mattis AN, Song G, Hitchner K, Kim RY, Lee AY, Sharma AD, Malato Y, McManus MT, Esau CC, Koller E, Koliwad S, Lim LP, Maher JJ, Raffai RL, Willenbring H. PMID: 25131933; PMCID: PMC4465779.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 26     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    39. The immunosuppressant FTY720 prolongs survival in a mouse model of diet-induced coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2014 Feb; 63(2):132-143. Wang G, Kim RY, Imhof I, Honbo N, Luk FS, Li K, Kumar N, Zhu BQ, Eberlé D, Ching D, Karliner JS, Raffai RL. PMID: 24508946; PMCID: PMC4574629.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 14     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    40. Hyperglycemia impairs atherosclerosis regression in mice. Am J Pathol. 2013 Dec; 183(6):1981-1992. Gaudreault N, Kumar N, Olivas VR, Eberlé D, Stephens K, Raffai RL. PMID: 24113453; PMCID: PMC5762940.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 11     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    41. N-terminal truncated intracellular matrix metalloproteinase-2 induces cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, inflammation and systolic heart failure. PLoS One. 2013; 8(7):e68154. Lovett DH, Mahimkar R, Raffai RL, Cape L, Zhu BQ, Jin ZQ, Baker AJ, Karliner JS. PMID: 23874529; PMCID: PMC3712965.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 24     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    42. Inducible ApoE gene repair in hypomorphic ApoE mice deficient in the low-density lipoprotein receptor promotes atheroma stabilization with a human-like lipoprotein profile. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013 Aug; 33(8):1759-67. Eberlé D, Luk FS, Kim RY, Olivas VR, Kumar N, Posada JM, Li K, Gaudreault N, Rapp JH, Raffai RL. PMID: 23788760; PMCID: PMC3811094.
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    43. Abstract 375: Inducible ApoE Gene Repair in HypoE Mice Deficient in the LDL Receptor Promotes Atheroma Stabilization with a Human-like Lipoprotein Profile. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. 2013 May 1; 33(suppl_1). Luk LF, Eberle ED, Kim KR, Olivas OV, Kumar KN, Posada PJ, Li LK, Gaudreault GN, Rapp RJ, Raffai RR. .
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    44. Apolipoprotein E regulation of myeloid cell plasticity in atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2012 Oct; 23(5):471-8. Raffai RL. PMID: 22892903.
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    45. Macrophage-specific apoE gene repair reduces diet-induced hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in hypomorphic Apoe mice. PLoS One. 2012; 7(5):e35816. Gaudreault N, Kumar N, Olivas VR, Eberlé D, Rapp JH, Raffai RL. PMID: 22606237; PMCID: PMC3351426.
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    46. A novel intracellular isoform of matrix metalloproteinase-2 induced by oxidative stress activates innate immunity. PLoS One. 2012; 7(4):e34177. Lovett DH, Mahimkar R, Raffai RL, Cape L, Maklashina E, Cecchini G, Karliner JS. PMID: 22509276; PMCID: PMC3317925.
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    47. Apolipoprotein E4 domain interaction accelerates diet-induced atherosclerosis in hypomorphic Arg-61 apoe mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012 May; 32(5):1116-23. Eberlé D, Kim RY, Luk FS, de Mochel NS, Gaudreault N, Olivas VR, Kumar N, Posada JM, Birkeland AC, Rapp JH, Raffai RL. PMID: 22441102; PMCID: PMC3346714.
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    48. ApoE suppresses atherosclerosis by reducing lipid accumulation in circulating monocytes and the expression of inflammatory molecules on monocytes and vascular endothelium. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012 Feb; 32(2):264-72. Gaudreault N, Kumar N, Posada JM, Stephens KB, Reyes de Mochel NS, Eberlé D, Olivas VR, Kim RY, Harms MJ, Johnson S, Messina LM, Rapp JH, Raffai RL. PMID: 22053073; PMCID: PMC3275345.
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    49. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein induces apoptosis in endothelial progenitor cells by inactivating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway. J Vasc Res. 2010; 47(6):519-30. Tie G, Yan J, Yang Y, Park BD, Messina JA, Raffai RL, Nowicki PT, Messina LM. PMID: 20431300; PMCID: PMC2945270.
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    50. Apolipoprotein E Suppresses Atherosclerosis by Reducing Leukocyte Recruitment to Atheroma. The FASEB Journal. 2010 Apr 1; 24:628.4-628.4. Gaudreault GN, Kumar KN, Possada PJ, Raffai RR. .
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    51. Heparin Protects Against Septic Mortality via Apoe-Antagonism. Journal of Surgical Research. 2010 Feb 1; 158(2):213-214. Chuang CK, Hsu HN, Leung LB, Bien-Ly BN, Raffai RR, Harris HH. .
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    52. High-density lipoprotein determines adult mouse cardiomyocyte fate after hypoxia-reoxygenation through lipoprotein-associated sphingosine 1-phosphate. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2010 Mar; 298(3):H1022-8. Tao R, Hoover HE, Honbo N, Kalinowski M, Alano CC, Karliner JS, Raffai R. PMID: 20061542; PMCID: PMC2838562.
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    53. Diet-induced occlusive coronary atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, cardiac dysfunction, and premature death in scavenger receptor class B type I-deficient, hypomorphic apolipoprotein ER61 mice. Circulation. 2005 Jun 28; 111(25):3457-64. Zhang S, Picard MH, Vasile E, Zhu Y, Raffai RL, Weisgraber KH, Krieger M. PMID: 15967843.
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    54. VEGF is crucial for the hepatic vascular development required for lipoprotein uptake. Development. 2005 Jul; 132(14):3293-303. Carpenter B, Lin Y, Stoll S, Raffai RL, McCuskey R, Wang R. PMID: 15944181.
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    55. Apolipoprotein E promotes the regression of atherosclerosis independently of lowering plasma cholesterol levels. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Feb; 25(2):436-41. Raffai RL, Loeb SM, Weisgraber KH. PMID: 15591220.
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    56. Antibody phenotyping test for the human apolipoprotein E2 isoform. Clin Chem. 2003 Sep; 49(9):1524-6. Raffaï RL, McPherson R, Weisgraber KH, Innerarity TL, Rassart E, Bersot TP, Milne RW. PMID: 12928236.
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    57. Cholesterol: from heart attacks to Alzheimer's disease. J Lipid Res. 2003 Aug; 44(8):1423-30. Raffai RL, Weisgraber KH. PMID: 12837845.
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    58. Hepatocyte-derived ApoE is more effective than non-hepatocyte-derived ApoE in remnant lipoprotein clearance. J Biol Chem. 2003 Mar 28; 278(13):11670-5. Raffaï RL, Hasty AH, Wang Y, Mettler SE, Sanan DA, Linton MF, Fazio S, Weisgraber KH. PMID: 12551940.
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    59. 3P-0878 A mouse model to study the role of ApoE in atherosclerosis regression and plaque vulnerability in peripheral arterial disease. Atherosclerosis Supplements. 2003 Jan 1; 4(2):254-255. Raffai RR, Loeb LS, Weisgraber WK. .
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    60. Hypomorphic apolipoprotein E mice: a new model of conditional gene repair to examine apolipoprotein E-mediated metabolism. J Biol Chem. 2002 Mar 29; 277(13):11064-8. Raffai RL, Weisgraber KH. PMID: 11792702.
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    61. Periplasmic expression and purification of recombinant Fabs. Methods Mol Biol. 2002; 178:343-8. Raffaï RL. PMID: 11968503.
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    62. Introduction of human apolipoprotein E4 "domain interaction" into mouse apolipoprotein E. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Sep 25; 98(20):11587-91. Raffai RL, Dong LM, Farese RV, Weisgraber KH. PMID: 11553788; PMCID: PMC58773.
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    63. New insights into the heparan sulfate proteoglycan-binding activity of apolipoprotein E. J Biol Chem. 2001 Oct 19; 276(42):39138-44. Libeu CP, Lund-Katz S, Phillips MC, Wehrli S, Hernáiz MJ, Capila I, Linhardt RJ, Raffaï RL, Newhouse YM, Zhou F, Weisgraber KH. PMID: 11500500.
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    64. Binding of an antibody mimetic of the human low density lipoprotein receptor to apolipoprotein E is governed through electrostatic forces. Studies using site-directed mutagenesis and molecular modeling. J Biol Chem. 2000 Mar 10; 275(10):7109-16. Raffaï R, Weisgraber KH, MacKenzie R, Rupp B, Rassart E, Hirama T, Innerarity TL, Milne R. PMID: 10702278.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 7     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    65. Bacterial expression and purification of the Fab fragment of a monoclonal antibody specific for the low-density lipoprotein receptor-binding site of human apolipoprotein E. Protein Expr Purif. 1999 Jun; 16(1):84-90. Raffaï R, Vukmirica J, Weisgraber KH, Rassart E, Innerarity TL, Milne R. PMID: 10336864.
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    66. Structure of a monoclonal 2E8 Fab antibody fragment specific for the low-density lipoprotein-receptor binding region of apolipoprotein E refined at 1.9 A. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 1999 Jan; 55(Pt 1):122-8. Trakhanov S, Parkin S, Raffaï R, Milne R, Newhouse YM, Weisgraber KH, Rupp B. PMID: 10089402.
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    67. Molecular characterization of two monoclonal antibodies specific for the LDL receptor-binding site of human apolipoprotein E. J Lipid Res. 1995 Sep; 36(9):1905-18. Raffai R, Maurice R, Weisgraber K, Innerarity T, Wang X, MacKenzie R, Hirama T, Watson D, Rassart E, Milne R. PMID: 8558079.
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    68. Determination of the fine specificity and molecular cloning of two monoclonal antibodies directed against the receptor-binding domain of human apolipoprotein E. Atherosclerosis. 1994 Sep 1; 109(1-2):264. Raffai¨ RR, Rassart RE, Weisgraber WK, Innerarity IT, Milne MR. .
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