Robert Gallo, MD

Photo of Robert Gallo, MD
Title(s)Assistant Professor, Medicine
SchoolSchool of Medicine
Address1001 Potrero Avenue, #1226
San Francisco CA 94110
PronounsHe/Him/His
ORCID ORCID Icon0000-0002-2601-0173 Additional info
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    Collapse Overview 
    Collapse overview
    Dr. Robert Gallo is an Assistant Professor in the UCSF Division of Hospital Medicine at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and the Division of Clinical Informatics and Digital Transformation (DoC-IT). He is a physician-researcher working to leverage the vast amount of routinely collected data to improve the quality and effectiveness of hospital care. His research spans inpatient diabetes management, aging research, and the evaluation of medical AI. His research has been published in leading medical journals such as JAMA Internal Medicine, Nature Medicine, and Diabetes Care, and featured in national media publications such as the New York Times and the Washington Post.

    Before joining UCSF, he completed his Internal Medicine Residency at Stanford University and a Medical Informatics Research Fellowship at VA Palo Alto Health Care System and Stanford University.

    Collapse Biography 
    Collapse education and training
    Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MOMD05/2019
    Stanford University, Stanford, CA06/2022Internal Medicine Residency
    VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA08/2025Medical Informatics Research Fellowship
    Collapse awards and honors
    Journal of the American Medical Association2025JAMA Top Reviewer
    Stanford Medicine2025Center For Improvement's Excellence in Improvement Publication Award, First Authored by a Trainee
    National Library of Medicine2023NLM T15 Training Conference Silver Medal for Best Plenary
    Stanford University2021Internal Medicine Residency Clinical Teaching Award
    Washington University School of Medicine2019John R. Smith Memorial Fund Prize
    Washington University School of Medicine2019Jacques J. Bronfenbrenner Prize in Infectious Disease

    Collapse Research 

    Collapse Bibliographic 
    Collapse publications
    Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Researchers can login to make corrections and additions, or contact us for help. to make corrections and additions.
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    Altmetrics Details PMC Citations indicate the number of times the publication was cited by articles in PubMed Central, and the Altmetric score represents citations in news articles and social media. (Note that publications are often cited in additional ways that are not shown here.) Fields are based on how the National Library of Medicine (NLM) classifies the publication's journal and might not represent the specific topic of the publication. Translation tags are based on the publication type and the MeSH terms NLM assigns to the publication. Some publications (especially newer ones and publications not in PubMed) might not yet be assigned Field or Translation tags.) Click a Field or Translation tag to filter the publications.
    1. Performance of a large language model on the reasoning tasks of a physician. Science. 2026 Apr 30; 392(6797):524-527. Brodeur PG, Buckley TA, Kanjee Z, Goh E, Ling EB, Jain P, Cabral S, Abdulnour RE, Haimovich AD, Freed JA, Olson A, Morgan DJ, Hom J, Gallo R, McCoy LG, Mombini H, Lucas C, Fotoohi M, Gwiazdon M, Restifo D, Restrepo D, Horvitz E, Chen J, Manrai AK, Rodman A. PMID: 42060751.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 5     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    2. From tool to teammate in a randomized controlled trial of clinician-AI collaborative workflows for diagnosis. NPJ Digit Med. 2026 Mar 18; 9(1). Everett SS, Bunning BJ, Jain P, Lopez I, Agarwal A, Desai M, Gallo R, Goh E, Kadiyala VB, Kanjee Z, Koshy JM, Olson A, Rodman A, Schulman K, Strong E, Chen JH, Horvitz E. PMID: 41851268; PMCID: PMC13222345.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:
    3. A typology of physician input approaches to using AI chatbots for clinical decision-making. NPJ Digit Med. 2025 Dec 05; 9(1):14. Siden R, Kerman H, Gallo RJ, Cool JA, Hom J, Goh E, Ahuja N, Heidenreich P, Shieh L, Yang D, Chen JH, Rodman A, Holdsworth LM. PMID: 41350807; PMCID: PMC12780094.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1  
    4. Leveraging ChatGPT for thematic analysis of medical best practice advisory data. JAMIA Open. 2025 Oct; 8(5):ooaf126. Jeong Y, Smith M, Gallo RJ, Knowlton LM, Lin S, Shieh L. PMID: 41487277; PMCID: PMC12757007.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:
    5. A typology of physician input approaches to using AI chatbots for clinical decision-making: a mixed methods study. medRxiv. 2025 Jul 23. Siden R, Kerman H, Gallo RJ, Cool JA, Hom J, Goh E, Ahuja N, Heidenreich P, Shieh L, Yang D, Chen JH, Rodman A, Holdsworth LM. PMID: 40778141; PMCID: PMC12330456.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:
    6. Trends and Disparities in Rates of Hypoglycemia Among Hospitalized Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2025 Jul 01; 48(7):1218-1224. Heidenreich PA, Lin S, Gallo RJ, Sahay A, Burkhardt M, Glassman P, Fang D, Moore V. PMID: 40402098.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    7. From Tool to Teammate: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Clinician-AI Collaborative Workflows for Diagnosis. medRxiv. 2025 Jun 08. Everett SS, Bunning BJ, Jain P, Lopez I, Agarwal A, Desai M, Gallo R, Goh E, Kadiyala VB, Kanjee Z, Koshy JM, Olson A, Rodman A, Schulman K, Strong E, Chen JH, Horvitz E. PMID: 40502554; PMCID: PMC12155023.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:
    8. Right Patient, Right Specialist, Right Time: Retrieval Augmented Generation for Specialty Referral Routing. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2024; 2024:443-450. Haredasht FN, Goh E, Ravi V, Ashtari P, Jiang Y, Yuldashev N, Grolleau F, Gallo RJ, Shah A, Hur E, Chopra K, Jee O, Lee JJ, Rosengaus L, Giang L, Schulman K, Hom J, Milstein A, Ng AY, Chen JH. PMID: 41726438; PMCID: PMC12919621.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    9. Physician clinical decision modification and bias assessment in a randomized controlled trial of AI assistance. Commun Med (Lond). 2025 Mar 04; 5(1):59. Goh E, Bunning B, Khoong EC, Gallo RJ, Milstein A, Centola D, Chen JH. PMID: 40038550; PMCID: PMC11880198.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 8  
    10. GPT-4 assistance for improvement of physician performance on patient care tasks: a randomized controlled trial. Nat Med. 2025 Apr; 31(4):1233-1238. Goh E, Gallo RJ, Strong E, Weng Y, Kerman H, Freed JA, Cool JA, Kanjee Z, Lane KP, Parsons AS, Ahuja N, Horvitz E, Yang D, Milstein A, Olson APJ, Hom J, Chen JH, Rodman A. PMID: 39910272; PMCID: PMC12380382.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 48     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    11. Inpatient Metformin Utilization and Post-hospitalization Clinical Outcomes: An Observational Cohort Study. J Gen Intern Med. 2025 Feb 03. Gallo RJ, Lin S, Fang DZ, Glassman PA, Sahay A, Heidenreich PA. PMID: 39900873.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    
    12. Establishing best practices in large language model research: an application to repeat prompting. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2025 02 01; 32(2):386-390. Gallo RJ, Baiocchi M, Savage TR, Chen JH. PMID: 39656836; PMCID: PMC11756642.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    13. Clinical entity augmented retrieval for clinical information extraction. NPJ Digit Med. 2025 Jan 19; 8(1):45. Lopez I, Swaminathan A, Vedula K, Narayanan S, Nateghi Haredasht F, Ma SP, Liang AS, Tate S, Maddali M, Gallo RJ, Shah NH, Chen JH. PMID: 39828800; PMCID: PMC11743751.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 13  
    14. Large language model uncertainty proxies: discrimination and calibration for medical diagnosis and treatment. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2025 01 01; 32(1):139-149. Savage T, Wang J, Gallo R, Boukil A, Patel V, Safavi-Naini SAA, Soroush A, Chen JH. PMID: 39396184; PMCID: PMC11648734.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 21     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    15. Large Language Model Influence on Diagnostic Reasoning: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2024 10 01; 7(10):e2440969. Goh E, Gallo R, Hom J, Strong E, Weng Y, Kerman H, Cool JA, Kanjee Z, Parsons AS, Ahuja N, Horvitz E, Yang D, Milstein A, Olson APJ, Rodman A, Chen JH. PMID: 39466245; PMCID: PMC11519755.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 201     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    16. Clinical Evaluations of Early Warning Scores-Reply. JAMA Intern Med. 2024 09 01; 184(9):1135. Gallo RJ, Geldsetzer P, Li RC. PMID: 39037786.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    17. Large Language Model Influence on Management Reasoning: A Randomized Controlled Trial. medRxiv. 2024 Aug 07. Goh E, Gallo R, Strong E, Weng Y, Kerman H, Freed J, Cool JA, Kanjee Z, Lane KP, Parsons AS, Ahuja N, Horvitz E, Yang D, Milstein A, Olson APJ, Hom J, Chen JH, Rodman A. PMID: 39148822; PMCID: PMC11326321.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:
    18. Measuring Equity in Readmission as an Assessment of Hospital Performance. JAMA. 2024 05 21; 331(19):1676-1677. Gallo RJ, Santiago C. PMID: 38648050.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    19. Effectiveness of an Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Intervention for Detecting Clinical Deterioration. JAMA Intern Med. 2024 05 01; 184(5):557-562. Gallo RJ, Shieh L, Smith M, Marafino BJ, Geldsetzer P, Asch SM, Shum K, Lin S, Westphal J, Hong G, Li RC. PMID: 38526472; PMCID: PMC10964159.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 16     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    20. Affiliation Bias in Peer Review of Abstracts. JAMA. 2024 04 09; 331(14):1234-1235. Gallo RJ, Savage T, Chen JH. PMID: 38592392; PMCID: PMC12004078.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1     Fields:    
    21. Influence of a Large Language Model on Diagnostic Reasoning: A Randomized Clinical Vignette Study. medRxiv. 2024 Mar 14. Goh E, Gallo R, Hom J, Strong E, Weng Y, Kerman H, Cool J, Kanjee Z, Parsons AS, Ahuja N, Horvitz E, Yang D, Milstein A, Olson APJ, Rodman A, Chen JH. PMID: 38559045; PMCID: PMC10980135.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1  
    22. Diagnostic reasoning prompts reveal the potential for large language model interpretability in medicine. NPJ Digit Med. 2024 Jan 24; 7(1):20. Savage T, Nayak A, Gallo R, Rangan E, Chen JH. PMID: 38267608; PMCID: PMC10808088.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 103  
    23. Things We Do for No Reason™: Routine early PEG tube placement for dysphagia after acute stroke. J Hosp Med. 2024 08; 19(8):728-730. Gallo RJ, Wang JE, Madill ES. PMID: 38180160.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    24. ChatGPT Influence on Medical Decision-Making, Bias, and Equity: A Randomized Study of Clinicians Evaluating Clinical Vignettes. medRxiv. 2023 Nov 27. Goh E, Bunning B, Khoong E, Gallo R, Milstein A, Centola D, Chen JH. PMID: 38076944; PMCID: PMC10705632.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 3  
    25. K Grant Funding to Internal Medicine Specialties. J Gen Intern Med. 2024 02; 39(2):348-350. Gallo RJ, Asch SM, Chan DC. PMID: 37904071; PMCID: PMC10853154.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    26. Administrative Coding Versus Laboratory Diagnosis of Inpatient Hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care. 2023 06 01; 46(6):e126-e127. Gallo RJ, Fang DZ, Heidenreich PA. PMID: 37068271.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    27. Addition of Coronary Artery Calcium Scores to Primary Prevention Risk Estimation Models-Primum Non Nocere. JAMA Intern Med. 2022 06 01; 182(6):590-591. Gallo RJ, Brown DL. PMID: 35467702.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    Translation:HumansPHPublic Health
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