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Sandy Schwarcz, MD, MPH

Title(s)Professor, Epidemiology & Biostatistics
SchoolSchool of Medicine
Phone415-476-5786
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    Collapse Biography 
    Collapse Education and Training
    University of California, San FranciscoPost-Doc Fellow/Scholar1987 Medicine

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    Collapse Publications
    Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Researchers can login to make corrections and additions, or contact us for help.
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    1. Hessol NA, Whittemore H, Vittinghoff E, Hsu LC, Ma D, Scheer S, Schwarcz SK. Incidence of first and second primary cancers diagnosed among people with HIV, 1985-2013: a population-based, registry linkage study. Lancet HIV. 2018 Nov; 5(11):e647-e655. PMID: 30245004.
      View in: PubMed
    2. Chen MJ, Scheer S, Nguyen TQ, Kohn RP, Schwarcz SK. HIV Coinfection Among Persons Diagnosed As Having Sexually Transmitted Diseases, San Francisco, 2007 to 2014. Sex Transm Dis. 2018 Aug; 45(8):563-572. PMID: 30001298.
      View in: PubMed
    3. Rice B, Boulle A, Baral S, Egger M, Mee P, Fearon E, Reniers G, Todd J, Schwarcz S, Weir S, Rutherford G, Hargreaves J. Strengthening Routine Data Systems to Track the HIV Epidemic and Guide the Response in Sub-Saharan Africa. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2018 Apr 03; 4(2):e36. PMID: 29615387.
      View in: PubMed
    4. Scheer S, Hsu L, Schwarcz S, Pipkin S, Havlir D, Buchbinder S, Hessol NA. Trends in the San Francisco Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epidemic in the "Getting to Zero" Era. Clin Infect Dis. 2018 Mar 19; 66(7):1027-1034. PMID: 29099913.
      View in: PubMed
    5. Hessol NA, Ma D, Scheer S, Hsu LC, Schwarcz SK. Changing temporal trends in non-AIDS cancer mortality among people diagnosed with AIDS: San Francisco, California, 1996-2013. Cancer Epidemiol. 2018 02; 52:20-27. PMID: 29175052.
      View in: PubMed
    6. Hessol NA, Schwarcz SK, Hsu LC, Shumway M, Machtinger EL. Gender differences in causes of death among persons with HIV/AIDS in San Francisco, California, 1996-2013. Int J STD AIDS. 2018 02; 29(2):135-146. PMID: 28728525.
      View in: PubMed
    7. Harklerode R, Schwarcz S, Hargreaves J, Boulle A, Todd J, Xueref S, Rice B. Feasibility of Establishing HIV Case-Based Surveillance to Measure Progress Along the Health Sector Cascade: Situational Assessments in Tanzania, South Africa, and Kenya. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2017 Jul 10; 3(3):e44. PMID: 28694240.
      View in: PubMed
    8. Waruru A, Muttai H, Ng'ang'a L, Ackers M, Kim A, Miruka F, Erick O, Okonji J, Ayuaya T, Schwarcz S. Positive Predictive Value of the WHO Clinical and Immunologic Criteria to Predict Viral Load Failure among Adults on First, or Second-Line Antiretroviral Therapy in Kenya. PLoS One. 2016; 11(7):e0158881. PMID: 27383834; PMCID: PMC4934908.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    9. Grasso MA, Schwarcz S, Galbraith JS, Musyoki H, Kambona C, Kellogg TA. Estimating the Prevalence and Predictors of Incorrect Condom Use Among Sexually Active Adults in Kenya: Results From a Nationally Representative Survey. Sex Transm Dis. 2016 Feb; 43(2):87-93. PMID: 26766524; PMCID: PMC4930356.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    10. Schwarcz S, Hsu LC, Scheer S. Disparities and Trends in Viral Suppression During a Transition to a "Test and Treat" Approach to the HIV Epidemic, San Francisco, 2008-2012. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015 Dec 15; 70(5):529-37. PMID: 26569177.
      View in: PubMed
    11. Pollett S, Wood N, Boscardin WJ, Bengtsson H, Schwarcz S, Harriman K, Winter K, Rutherford G. Validating the Use of Google Trends to Enhance Pertussis Surveillance in California. PLoS Curr. 2015 Oct 19; 7. PMID: 26543674; PMCID: PMC4626035.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    12. Khanijow K, Hirozawa A, Ancock B, Hsu LC, Bamberger J, Schwarcz SK. Difference in Survival between Housed and Homeless individuals with HIV, San Francisco, 2002-2011. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2015 Aug; 26(3):1005-18. PMID: 26320929.
      View in: PubMed
    13. Schwarcz SK, Rutherford GW, Horvath H. Training for Better Management: Avante Zambézia, PEPFAR and Improving the Quality of Administrative Services Comment on "Implementation of a Health Management Mentoring Program: Year-1 Evaluation of Its Impact on Health System Strengthening in Zambézia Province, Mozambique". Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015 Jul 23; 4(11):773-5. PMID: 26673340; PMCID: PMC4629705.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    14. Djawe K, Buchacz K, Hsu L, Chen MJ, Selik RM, Rose C, Williams T, Brooks JT, Schwarcz S. Mortality Risk After AIDS-Defining Opportunistic Illness Among HIV-Infected Persons--San Francisco, 1981-2012. J Infect Dis. 2015 Nov 01; 212(9):1366-75. PMID: 26044289.
      View in: PubMed
    15. Schwarcz SK, Vu A, Hsu LC, Hessol NA. Changes in causes of death among persons with AIDS: San Francisco, California, 1996-2011. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2014 Oct; 28(10):517-23. PMID: 25275657.
      View in: PubMed
    16. Odhiambo JO, Kellogg TA, Kim AA, Ng'ang'a L, Mukui I, Umuro M, Mohammed I, De Cock KM, Kimanga DO, Schwarcz S. Antiretroviral treatment scale-up among persons living with HIV in Kenya: results from a nationally representative survey. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014 May 01; 66 Suppl 1:S116-22. PMID: 24732815; PMCID: PMC4786176.
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    17. Waruiru W, Kim AA, Kimanga DO, Ng'ang'a J, Schwarcz S, Kimondo L, Ng'ang'a A, Umuro M, Mwangi M, Ojwang' JK, Maina WK. The Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey 2012: rationale, methods, description of participants, and response rates. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014 May 01; 66 Suppl 1:S3-12. PMID: 24732819; PMCID: PMC4786178.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    18. Wafula R, Masyuko S, Ng'ang'a L, Kim AA, Gichangi A, Mukui I, Batuka J, Ngugi EW, Maina WK, Schwarcz S. Engagement in HIV care among Kenyan adults and adolescents: results from a national population-based survey. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014 May 01; 66 Suppl 1:S98-105. PMID: 24732825; PMCID: PMC4786171.
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    19. Hsu LC, Truong HM, Vittinghoff E, Zhi Q, Scheer S, Schwarcz S. Trends in early initiation of antiretroviral therapy and characteristics of persons with HIV initiating therapy in San Francisco, 2007-2011. J Infect Dis. 2014 May 01; 209(9):1310-4. PMID: 24218501.
      View in: PubMed
    20. Muthulingam D, Chin J, Hsu L, Scheer S, Schwarcz S. Disparities in engagement in care and viral suppression among persons with HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013 May 01; 63(1):112-9. PMID: 23392459.
      View in: PubMed
    21. Schwarcz L, Chen MJ, Vittinghoff E, Hsu L, Schwarcz S. Declining incidence of AIDS-defining opportunistic illnesses: results from 16 years of population-based AIDS surveillance. AIDS. 2013 Feb 20; 27(4):597-605. PMID: 23079812.
      View in: PubMed
    22. Wong KK, Bulimo WD, Magana J, Achilla RA, Schwarcz SK, Simwa M, Majanja JM, Wadegu MO, Osuna FA, Mukunzi SO, Mwangi JK, Wangui JM, Muthoni JN, Njiri JO, Obura BD, Opot BH, Mitei KK, Barani J, Lifumo S, Schnabel DC. Epidemiology of 2009 pandemic influenza A virus subtype H1N1 among Kenyans aged 2 months to 18 years, 2009-2010. J Infect Dis. 2012 Dec 15; 206 Suppl 1:S68-73. PMID: 23169975.
      View in: PubMed
    23. Schwarcz SK, Chen YH, Murphy JL, Paul JP, Skinta MD, Scheer S, Vittinghoff E, Dilley JW. A randomized control trial of personalized cognitive counseling to reduce sexual risk among HIV-infected men who have sex with men. AIDS Care. 2013; 25(1):1-10. PMID: 22568569.
      View in: PubMed
    24. Skinta MD, Murphy JL, Paul JP, Schwarcz SK, Dilley JW. Thoughts, attitudes, and feelings of HIV-positive MSM associated with high transmission-risk sex. Health Educ Behav. 2012 Jun; 39(3):315-23. PMID: 22102322.
      View in: PubMed
    25. Schwarcz SK, Hsu L, Chin CS, Richards TA, Frank H, Wenzel C, Dilley J. Do people who develop AIDS within 12 months of HIV diagnosis delay HIV testing? Public Health Rep. 2011 Jul-Aug; 126(4):552-9. PMID: 21800749; PMCID: PMC3115214.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    26. Schwarcz S, Richards TA, Frank H, Wenzel C, Hsu LC, Chin CS, Murphy J, Dilley J. Identifying barriers to HIV testing: personal and contextual factors associated with late HIV testing. AIDS Care. 2011 Jul; 23(7):892-900. PMID: 21424942.
      View in: PubMed
    27. Pipkin S, Scheer S, Okeigwe I, Schwarcz S, Harris DH, Hessol NA. The effect of HAART and calendar period on Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: results of a match between an AIDS and cancer registry. AIDS. 2011 Feb 20; 25(4):463-71. PMID: 21139489; PMCID: PMC3089985.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    28. Schwarcz SK, Hsu LC, Vittinghoff E, Vu A, Bamberger JD, Katz MH. Impact of housing on the survival of persons with AIDS. BMC Public Health. 2009 Jul 07; 9:220. PMID: 19583862; PMCID: PMC2728715.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    29. Truong HM, Kellogg T, Schwarcz S, Delgado V, Grant RM, Louie B, Ngo H, McFarland W. Frequent international travel by men who have sex with men recently diagnosed with HIV-1: potential for transmission of primary HIV-1 drug resistance. J Travel Med. 2008 Nov-Dec; 15(6):454-6. PMID: 19090802.
      View in: PubMed
    30. Dilley JW, Loeb L, Marson K, Chen S, Schwarcz S, Paul J, McFarland W. Sexual compulsiveness and change in unprotected anal intercourse: unexpected results from a randomized controlled HIV counseling intervention study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008 May 01; 48(1):113-4. PMID: 18438179.
      View in: PubMed
    31. Spindler HH, Scheer S, Chen SY, Klausner JD, Katz MH, Valleroy LA, Schwarcz SK. Viagra, methamphetamine, and HIV risk: results from a probability sample of MSM, San Francisco. Sex Transm Dis. 2007 Aug; 34(8):586-91. PMID: 17334264.
      View in: PubMed
    32. Schwarcz S, Scheer S, McFarland W, Katz M, Valleroy L, Chen S, Catania J. Prevalence of HIV infection and predictors of high-transmission sexual risk behaviors among men who have sex with men. Am J Public Health. 2007 Jun; 97(6):1067-75. PMID: 17463384; PMCID: PMC1874212.
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    33. Schwarcz S, Spindler H, Scheer S, Valleroy L, Lansky A. Assessing representativeness of sampling methods for reaching men who have sex with men: a direct comparison of results obtained from convenience and probability samples. AIDS Behav. 2007 Jul; 11(4):596-602. PMID: 17436073.
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    34. Hessol NA, Pipkin S, Schwarcz S, Cress RD, Bacchetti P, Scheer S. The impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on non-AIDS-defining cancers among adults with AIDS. Am J Epidemiol. 2007 May 15; 165(10):1143-53. PMID: 17344204.
      View in: PubMed
    35. Schwarcz S, Weinstock H, Louie B, Kellogg T, Douglas J, Lalota M, Dickinson G, Torian L, Wendell D, Paul S, Goza G, Ruiz J, Boyett B, McCormick L, Bennett D. Characteristics of persons with recently acquired HIV infection: application of the serologic testing algorithm for recent HIV seroconversion in 10 US cities. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007 Jan 01; 44(1):112-5. PMID: 17075386.
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    36. Schwarcz S, Hsu L, Dilley JW, Loeb L, Nelson K, Boyd S. Late diagnosis of HIV infection: trends, prevalence, and characteristics of persons whose HIV diagnosis occurred within 12 months of developing AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006 Dec 01; 43(4):491-4. PMID: 17031318.
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    37. Jain S, Schwarcz S, Katz M, Gulati R, McFarland W. Elevated risk of death for African Americans with AIDS, San Francisco, 1996-2002. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2006 Aug; 17(3):493-503. PMID: 16960317.
      View in: PubMed
    38. Razani N, Schwarcz S, Klausner JD, Kohn RP, McFarland W. How well do trends in HIV prevalence in young people reflect HIV incidence? Results from 10 years of HIV serosurveillance in San Francisco. AIDS. 2006 Jun 12; 20(9):1332-3. PMID: 16816565.
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    39. Ikard K, Janney J, Hsu LC, Isenberg DJ, Scalco MB, Schwarcz S, Beer L, Wendell DA, Franks PE, Kahn JG. Estimation of unmet need for HIV primary medical care: a framework and three case studies. AIDS Educ Prev. 2005 Dec; 17(6 Suppl B):26-38. PMID: 16401180.
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    40. Dilley JW, Schwarcz S, Loeb L, Hsu L, Nelson K, Scheer S. The decline of incident cases of HIV-associated neurological disorders in San Francisco, 1991-2003. AIDS. 2005 Mar 24; 19(6):634-5. PMID: 15802986.
      View in: PubMed
    41. Schwarcz S, Scheer S. HIV testing behaviors and knowledge of HIV reporting regulations among male-to-female transgenders. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004 Oct 01; 37(2):1326-7. PMID: 15385743.
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    42. Weinstock HS, Zaidi I, Heneine W, Bennett D, Garcia-Lerma JG, Douglas JM, LaLota M, Dickinson G, Schwarcz S, Torian L, Wendell D, Paul S, Goza GA, Ruiz J, Boyett B, Kaplan JE. The epidemiology of antiretroviral drug resistance among drug-naive HIV-1-infected persons in 10 US cities. J Infect Dis. 2004 Jun 15; 189(12):2174-80. PMID: 15181563.
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    43. Stockman JK, Schwarcz SK, Butler LM, de Jong B, Chen SY, Delgado V, McFarland W. HIV prevention fatigue among high-risk populations in San Francisco. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004 Apr 01; 35(4):432-4. PMID: 15097163.
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    44. Schwarcz S, Stockman J, Delgado V, Scheer S. Does name-based HIV reporting deter high-risk persons from HIV testing? Results from San Francisco. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004 Jan 01; 35(1):93-6. PMID: 14707799.
      View in: PubMed
    45. Ward K, Butler N, Mugabo P, Klausner J, McFarland W, Chen S, Schwarcz S. Provision of syndromic treatment of sexually transmitted infections by community pharmacists: a potentially underutilized HIV prevention strategy. Sex Transm Dis. 2003 Aug; 30(8):609-13. PMID: 12897681.
      View in: PubMed
    46. Chu PL, McFarland W, Gibson S, Weide D, Henne J, Miller P, Partridge T, Schwarcz S. Viagra use in a community-recruited sample of men who have sex with men, San Francisco. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003 Jun 01; 33(2):191-3. PMID: 12794553.
      View in: PubMed
    47. McFarland W, Chen S, Hsu L, Schwarcz S, Katz M. Low socioeconomic status is associated with a higher rate of death in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, San Francisco. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003 May 01; 33(1):96-103. PMID: 12792361.
      View in: PubMed
    48. Louie JK, Hsu LC, Osmond DH, Katz MH, Schwarcz SK. Trends in causes of death among persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, San Francisco, 1994-1998. J Infect Dis. 2002 Oct 01; 186(7):1023-7. PMID: 12232845.
      View in: PubMed
    49. Schwarcz SK, Kellogg TA, McFarland W, Louie B, Klausner J, Withum DG, Katz MH. Characterization of sexually transmitted disease clinic patients with recent human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis. 2002 Oct 01; 186(7):1019-22. PMID: 12232844.
      View in: PubMed
    50. Chen SY, Gibson S, Katz MH, Klausner JD, Dilley JW, Schwarcz SK, Kellogg TA, McFarland W. Continuing increases in sexual risk behavior and sexually transmitted diseases among men who have sex with men: San Francisco, Calif, 1999-2001, USA. Am J Public Health. 2002 Sep; 92(9):1387-8. PMID: 12197957; PMCID: PMC1447248.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    51. Schwarcz S, Hsu L, Chu PL, Parisi MK, Bangsberg D, Hurley L, Pearlman J, Marsh K, Katz M. Evaluation of a non-name-based HIV reporting system in San Francisco. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002 Apr 15; 29(5):504-10. PMID: 11981367.
      View in: PubMed
    52. Katz MH, Schwarcz SK, Kellogg TA, Klausner JD, Dilley JW, Gibson S, McFarland W. Impact of highly active antiretroviral treatment on HIV seroincidence among men who have sex with men: San Francisco. Am J Public Health. 2002 Mar; 92(3):388-94. PMID: 11867317; PMCID: PMC1447086.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
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