Paul Green, PhD

Title(s)Professor Emeritus, Preventive & Restor Dent Sci
SchoolSchool of Dentistry
PronounsHe/Him/His
ORCID ORCID Icon0000-0001-7648-6826 Additional info
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    My recent research has focused on mechanisms underlying chronic muscle pain, a very common clinical complaint that is extremely difficult to treat, in large part due to the lack of understanding of underlying mechanisms. I have developed two new animals models of ergonomic muscle pain (vibration and eccentric exercise), which together with inflammatory mediator-induced muscle pain will facilitate our investigation into the cellular mechanisms underlying the critical transition from acute to chronic muscle pain. In collaboration with Drs. Dina, Alvarez and Levine, we have found that the inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6, that is produced during acute muscle inflammation mediates the production of a chronic-latent hyperalgesic state in which a subsequent exposure to inflammatory mediators produce a markedly prolonged mechanical hyperalgesia (i.e. analogous to transition from acute to chronic muscle pain) (Dina et al., Neuroscience 152:521-25, 2008; Alvarez et al, Eur J Neurosci 32:819-25, 2010). Furthermore, we have discovered that chronic-latent hyperalgesia produced by the inflammogen, carrageenan, is dependent on protein kinase Ce, a second messenger implicated in long-lasting plasticity in cutaneous nociceptors (Dina et al., J Pain 9:457-62, 2008). We have also observed that exposure to vibration produces neuropathic-like changes in the nociceptor (Chen et al., Pain 151:460-6, 2010). Vibration or eccentric exercise induced muscle pain appears to be restricted to one nociceptor phenotype, the isolectin B4-positive nociceptor (Alvarez, et al., Exp Neurol 233:859-65, 2012).
    I have also helped develop animal models of fibromyalgia syndrome and other widespread pain conditions, in the rat. Firstly, rats exposed to unpredictable sound stress develop a delayed onset enhancement and prolongation of cytokine-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in muscle and skin. This unpredictable sound stress model in the rat demonstrates several features (cutaneous, musculoskeletal, and visceral hyperalgesia, as well as anxiety) that are found in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Thus, this model may be used to test hypotheses about the underlying mechanisms and response to therapy in patients with fibromyalgia (Green et al. J Pain 12:811-8, 2011). Secondly, we evaluated activity in nociceptors innervating the gastrocnemius muscle in rats exposed to water avoidance stress. This stressor, which produces mechanical hyperalgesia in skeletal muscle, decreased mechanical threshold of muscle nociceptors and markedly increased the number of action potentials and conduction velocity in nociceptor. Thirdly, we evaluated cutaneous and muscle nociception and activity in muscle nociceptors in an animal model of neonatal stress, limited bedding (NLB), in the rat. NLB treatment produced both mechanical muscle hyperalgesia (and prolonged hyperalgesia to prostaglandin), as well as lower threshold and increased conduction velocity in muscle nociceptors (Green et al., Pain 152:2549-56, 2011).
    As part of my Tobacco-Related Disease Program funded research, I investigated the sexually dimorphic effects of nicotine on key components of inflammation. I observed that in vivo administration of nicotine increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in neutrophils from both males and females. However, there is a sexually dimorphic adrenal medulla-dependence in this effect, since after adrenal medullectomy nicotine increases ROS generation in males but inhibits it in females. Chronic nicotine, inhibits ROS production in neutrophils from females, but has no effect in males. Chronic nicotine inhibited macrophage phagocytosis in females, but not males, an effect abolished by adrenal medullectomy, suggesting a dependence on an adrenal medulla factor. Chronic nicotine also markedly enhanced the ability of the inflammatory agent, bradykinin, to increase plasma extravasation component of inflammation, in females but not in males. These results (manuscripts in preparation) show that nicotine significantly affects several aspects of the inflammatory response, and some of these effects of nicotine exhibit sex differences, that may, at least in part, underlie the sex differences in the effects of smoking on chronic diseases.
    I am also continuing to investigate the influence of sexually dimorphic neuroendocrine pathways on the inflammatory response. Specifically, I have been investigating the effect of sex and sex steroids on role of the sympathoadrenal axis, which is activated by stress, on several components of inflammation viz. plasma protein extravasation, leukocyte recruitment, phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species generation. Since the adrenal medulla is a principal organ of the stress response, I have been assessing the effect of activation of stress axes by different forms of stress stimuli on the inflammatory response. This research has important implications since stress exacerbates signs and symptoms of inflammatory diseases in humans and in animal models. I have shown that both the duration and severity of stress differentially affects the inflammatory response, probably by differential activation of the stress axes. I have shown that there is a striking sexual dimorphism in the effect of stress on plasma extravasation in that non-habituating stress markedly enhances plasma protein extravasation in female rats (Green & Levine, Eur. J. Pharmacol, 2005). In my recent studies on leukocyte recruitment, I have shown that stress markedly enhanced neutrophil recruitment in male rats, but not in females (Barker et al., Br. J. Pharmcol. 2005). This effect is dependent on sex steroids and on an intact sympathoadrenal system. I have also studied the effect of sympathoadrenal modulation on human leukocyte function in has been investigated, in collaboration with colleagues. These studies have shown that there is a marked sexual dimorphism in ß2-adrenergic receptor binding (the receptor that binds the principal adrenal medulla-derived stress hormone, epinephrine) as well as in ß-adrenergic-stimulated non-directed locomotion (chemokinesis) (de Coupade et al., Br. J. Pharmacol. 2004). I have also shown the important role played by ß2-adrenergic receptors in leukocyte migration by employing ß2-adrenergic receptor knock-out mice (de Coupade et al., J. Neuroimmunol. 2005).

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    Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Researchers can login to make corrections and additions, or contact us for help. to make corrections and additions.
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    1. The Nociceptor Primary Cilium Contributes to Mechanical Nociceptive Threshold and Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain. J Neurosci. 2024 Nov 20; 44(47). Fitzsimons LA, Staurengo-Ferrari L, Khomula EV, Bogen O, Araldi D, Bonet IJM, Green PG, Jordan EE, Sclafani F, Nowak CE, Moulton JK, Ganter GK, Levine JD, Tucker KL. PMID: 39349056; PMCID: PMC11580782.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    2. Mu-Opioid Receptor (MOR) Dependence of Pain in Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy. J Neurosci. 2024 Oct 16; 44(42). Araldi D, Staurengo-Ferrari L, Bogen O, Bonet IJM, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 39256047; PMCID: PMC11484550.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Animals
    3. G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor 30 regulation of signaling downstream of protein kinase Cε mediates sex dimorphism in hyaluronan-induced antihyperalgesia. Pain. 2024 Oct 10. Bonet IJM, Araldi D, Khomula EV, Bogen O, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 39787533.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    
    4. Role of pattern recognition receptors in chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain. Brain. 2024 03 01; 147(3):1025-1042. Araldi D, Khomula EV, Bonet IJM, Bogen O, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 37787114; PMCID: PMC10907096.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 7     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    5. Sensitization of human and rat nociceptors by low dose morphine is toll-like receptor 4-dependent. Mol Pain. 2024 Jan-Dec; 20:17448069241227922. Khomula EV, Araldi D, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 38195088; PMCID: PMC10851754.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    6. A novel anti-pruritic: Topical co-administration of high molecular weight hyaluronan (HMWH) with protamine, a transdermal transport enhancer. Mol Pain. 2024 Jan-Dec; 20:17448069241254455. Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 38728068; PMCID: PMC11088296.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Animals
    7. Topical coapplication of hyaluronan with transdermal drug delivery enhancers attenuates inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Pain. 2023 Dec 01; 164(12):2653-2664. Bonet IJM, Araldi D, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 37467181; PMCID: PMC10794581.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 4     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    8. Neuroendocrine mechanisms in oxaliplatin-induced hyperalgesic priming. Pain. 2023 06 01; 164(6):1375-1387. Staurengo-Ferrari L, Araldi D, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 36729863; PMCID: PMC10182219.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 5     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    9. Probiotics attenuate alcohol-induced muscle mechanical hyperalgesia: Preliminary observations. Mol Pain. 2022 Jan-Dec; 18:17448069221075345. Green PG, Alvarez P, Levine JD. PMID: 35189754; PMCID: PMC8874179.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    10. Contribution of G-Protein α-Subunits to Analgesia, Hyperalgesia, and Hyperalgesic Priming Induced by Subanalgesic and Analgesic Doses of Fentanyl and Morphine. J Neurosci. 2022 02 16; 42(7):1196-1210. Araldi D, Bonet IJM, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 34965973; PMCID: PMC8883871.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    11. Neuroendocrine Stress Axis-Dependence of Duloxetine Analgesia (Anti-Hyperalgesia) in Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy. J Neurosci. 2022 01 19; 42(3):405-415. Staurengo-Ferrari L, Bonet IJM, Araldi D, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 34880120; PMCID: PMC8802923.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 7     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    12. Second messengers mediating high-molecular-weight hyaluronan-induced antihyperalgesia in rats with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Pain. 2022 09 01; 163(9):1728-1739. Bonet IJM, Staurengo-Ferrari L, Araldi D, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 34913881; PMCID: PMC9167889.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 3     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    13. PI3Kγ/AKT Signaling in High Molecular Weight Hyaluronan (HMWH)-Induced Anti-Hyperalgesia and Reversal of Nociceptor Sensitization. J Neurosci. 2021 10 06; 41(40):8414-8426. Bonet IJM, Khomula EV, Araldi D, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 34417329; PMCID: PMC8496198.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 7     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    14. Sexually Dimorphic Role of Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) in High Molecular Weight Hyaluronan (HMWH)-induced Anti-hyperalgesia. J Pain. 2021 10; 22(10):1273-1282. Bonet IJM, Araldi D, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 33892155; PMCID: PMC8500912.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 5     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    15. Sexual dimorphism in the nociceptive effects of hyaluronan. Pain. 2021 04 01; 162(4):1116-1125. Bonet IJM, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 33065736; PMCID: PMC7969372.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 8     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimals
    16. Sexual dimorphism in the contribution of neuroendocrine stress axes to oxaliplatin-induced painful peripheral neuropathy. Pain. 2021 03 01; 162(3):907-918. Staurengo-Ferrari L, Green PG, Araldi D, Ferrari LF, Miaskowski C, Levine JD. PMID: 32947545; PMCID: PMC7886966.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 8     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    17. Nociceptor Overexpression of NaV1.7 Contributes to Chronic Muscle Pain Induced by Early-Life Stress. J Pain. 2021 07; 22(7):806-816. Alvarez P, Bogen O, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 33636374; PMCID: PMC8406703.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 4     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    18. Sexual dimorphic role of the glucocorticoid receptor in chronic muscle pain produced by early-life stress. Mol Pain. 2021 Jan-Dec; 17:17448069211011313. Green PG, Alvarez P, Levine JD. PMID: 33882732; PMCID: PMC8072835.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    19. A role for gut microbiota in early-life stress-induced widespread muscle pain in the adult rat. Mol Pain. 2021 Jan-Dec; 17:17448069211022952. Green PG, Alvarez P, Levine JD. PMID: 34096398; PMCID: PMC8186117.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 9     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    20. Exogenous Application of Proteoglycan to the Cell Surface Microenvironment Facilitates to Chondrogenic Differentiation and Maintenance. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Oct 19; 21(20). Masutani T, Yamada S, Hara A, Takahashi T, Green PG, Niwa M. PMID: 33086766; PMCID: PMC7589071.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 3     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    21. Mechanisms Mediating High-Molecular-Weight Hyaluronan-Induced Antihyperalgesia. J Neurosci. 2020 08 19; 40(34):6477-6488. Bonet IJM, Araldi D, Khomula EV, Bogen O, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 32665406; PMCID: PMC7486649.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 12     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    22. Marked sexual dimorphism in neuroendocrine mechanisms for the exacerbation of paclitaxel-induced painful peripheral neuropathy by stress. Pain. 2020 04; 161(4):865-874. Ferrari LF, Araldi D, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 31917777; PMCID: PMC7085433.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 21     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    23. Unpredictable stress delays recovery from exercise-induced muscle pain: contribution of the sympathoadrenal axis. Pain Rep. 2019 Sep-Oct; 4(5):e782. Alvarez P, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 31875187; PMCID: PMC6882572.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:
    24. Role of Nociceptor Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) in Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia and Hyperalgesic Priming. J Neurosci. 2019 08 14; 39(33):6414-6424. Araldi D, Bogen O, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 31209174; PMCID: PMC6697398.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 31     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    25. Systemic Morphine Produces Dose-dependent Nociceptor-mediated Biphasic Changes in Nociceptive Threshold and Neuroplasticity. Neuroscience. 2019 02 01; 398:64-75. Ferrari LF, Araldi D, Bogen O, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 30529265; PMCID: PMC9948647.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 11     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    26. Neonatal Handling Produces Sex Hormone-Dependent Resilience to Stress-Induced Muscle Hyperalgesia in Rats. J Pain. 2018 06; 19(6):670-677. Alvarez P, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 29432863; PMCID: PMC5972068.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 4     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    27. Nociceptor interleukin 10 receptor 1 is critical for muscle analgesia induced by repeated bouts of eccentric exercise in the rat. Pain. 2017 08; 158(8):1481-1488. Alvarez P, Bogen O, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 28628078; PMCID: PMC5515690.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 24     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    28. Age-Dependent Sexual Dimorphism in Susceptibility to Develop Chronic Pain in the Rat. Neuroscience. 2018 09 01; 387:170-177. Ferrari LF, Araldi D, Green P, Levine JD. PMID: 28676241; PMCID: PMC5748377.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 4     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    29. Marked sexual dimorphism in 5-HT1 receptors mediating pronociceptive effects of sumatriptan. Neuroscience. 2017 03 06; 344:394-405. Araldi D, Ferrari LF, Green P, Levine JD. PMID: 28040566; PMCID: PMC5321636.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 16     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    30. Retinal Cell Degeneration in Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci. 2016 Jan 15; 17(1). Niwa M, Aoki H, Hirata A, Tomita H, Green PG, Hara A. PMID: 26784179; PMCID: PMC4730351.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 30     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    31. Mechanisms mediating nitroglycerin-induced delayed-onset hyperalgesia in the rat. Neuroscience. 2016 Mar 11; 317:121-9. Ferrari LF, Levine JD, Green PG. PMID: 26779834; PMCID: PMC4738056.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 21     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    32. Contribution of Piezo2 to endothelium-dependent pain. Mol Pain. 2015 Oct 24; 11:65. Ferrari LF, Bogen O, Green P, Levine JD. PMID: 26497944; PMCID: PMC4619430.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 23     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    33. Topical Tetrodotoxin Attenuates Photophobia Induced by Corneal Injury in the Rat. J Pain. 2015 Sep; 16(9):881-6. Green PG, Alvarez P, Levine JD. PMID: 26086898; PMCID: PMC4664153.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 6     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    34. Neonatal handling (resilience) attenuates water-avoidance stress induced enhancement of chronic mechanical hyperalgesia in the rat. Neurosci Lett. 2015 Mar 30; 591:207-211. Alvarez P, Levine JD, Green PG. PMID: 25637700; PMCID: PMC4711809.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 7     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    35. Homocysteine-induced attenuation of vascular endothelium-dependent hyperalgesia in the rat. Neuroscience. 2015 Jan 22; 284:678-684. Joseph EK, Green PG, Ferrari LF, Levine JD. PMID: 25451284; PMCID: PMC4267916.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 5     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    36. ATP release mechanisms of endothelial cell-mediated stimulus-dependent hyperalgesia. J Pain. 2014 Jul; 15(7):771-7. Joseph EK, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 24793242; PMCID: PMC4264525.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 10     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    37. Does the antihyperalgesic disruptor of endothelial cells, octoxynol-9, alter nociceptor function? J Neurophysiol. 2014 Jul 15; 112(2):463-6. Chen X, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 24790171; PMCID: PMC4064416.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    38. Role for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in the induction of chronic muscle pain in the rat. Pain. 2014 Jun; 155(6):1161-1167. Alvarez P, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 24637038; PMCID: PMC4303347.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 29     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    39. Acute inflammation in the joint: its control by the sympathetic nervous system and by neuroendocrine systems. Auton Neurosci. 2014 May; 182:42-54. Jänig W, Green PG. PMID: 24530113.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 15     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    40. NOP receptor mediates anti-analgesia induced by agonist-antagonist opioids. Neuroscience. 2014 Jan 17; 257:139-48. Gear RW, Bogen O, Ferrari LF, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 24188792; PMCID: PMC3947912.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 6     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    41. The fundamental unit of pain is the cell. Pain. 2013 Dec; 154 Suppl 1:S2-9. Reichling DB, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 23711480; PMCID: PMC3858489.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 44     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    42. Stress in the adult rat exacerbates muscle pain induced by early-life stress. Biol Psychiatry. 2013 Nov 01; 74(9):688-95. Alvarez P, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 23706525; PMCID: PMC3760993.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 28     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    43. Vascular endothelial cells mediate mechanical stimulation-induced enhancement of endothelin hyperalgesia via activation of P2X2/3 receptors on nociceptors. J Neurosci. 2013 Feb 13; 33(7):2849-59. Joseph EK, Green PG, Bogen O, Alvarez P, Levine JD. PMID: 23407944; PMCID: PMC3711399.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 33     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    44. Ectopic uterine tissue as a chronic pain generator. Neuroscience. 2012 Dec 06; 225:269-82. Alvarez P, Chen X, Hendrich J, Irwin JC, Green PG, Giudice LC, Levine JD. PMID: 22922120; PMCID: PMC3479308.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 19     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    45. IB4(+) nociceptors mediate persistent muscle pain induced by GDNF. J Neurophysiol. 2012 Nov; 108(9):2545-53. Alvarez P, Chen X, Bogen O, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 22914655; PMCID: PMC3545184.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 22     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    46. Primary afferent nociceptor as a target for the relief of pain. Pain Res Treat. 2012; 2012:348043. Parada CA, Tambeli CH, Green PG, Cairns BE. PMID: 22550578; PMCID: PMC3324912.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2  
    47. IB4-saporin attenuates acute and eliminates chronic muscle pain in the rat. Exp Neurol. 2012 Feb; 233(2):859-65. Alvarez P, Gear RW, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 22206923; PMCID: PMC3272112.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 23     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    48. Early-life stress produces muscle hyperalgesia and nociceptor sensitization in the adult rat. Pain. 2011 Nov; 152(11):2549-2556. Green PG, Chen X, Alvarez P, Ferrari LF, Levine JD. PMID: 21864980; PMCID: PMC3199316.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 49     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    49. Abnormal muscle afferent function in a model of Taxol chemotherapy-induced painful neuropathy. J Neurophysiol. 2011 Jul; 106(1):274-9. Chen X, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 21562188; PMCID: PMC3129739.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 7     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    50. Stress enhances muscle nociceptor activity in the rat. Neuroscience. 2011 Jun 30; 185:166-73. Chen X, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 21513773; PMCID: PMC3101313.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 22     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    51. Further validation of a model of fibromyalgia syndrome in the rat. J Pain. 2011 Jul; 12(7):811-8. Green PG, Alvarez P, Gear RW, Mendoza D, Levine JD. PMID: 21481648; PMCID: PMC3130888.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 26     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    52. Enhanced cytokine-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in skeletal muscle produced by a novel mechanism in rats exposed to unpredictable sound stress. Eur J Pain. 2011 Sep; 15(8):796-800. Dina OA, Levine JD, Green PG. PMID: 21419675; PMCID: PMC3123688.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 26     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    53. Neuropathic pain-like alterations in muscle nociceptor function associated with vibration-induced muscle pain. Pain. 2010 Nov; 151(2):460-466. Chen X, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 20800357; PMCID: PMC2932645.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 19     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    54. Eccentric exercise induces chronic alterations in musculoskeletal nociception in the rat. Eur J Neurosci. 2010 Sep; 32(5):819-25. Alvarez P, Levine JD, Green PG. PMID: 20726881; PMCID: PMC2974795.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 23  Translation:Animals
    55. Mechanisms mediating vibration-induced chronic musculoskeletal pain analyzed in the rat. J Pain. 2010 Apr; 11(4):369-77. Dina OA, Joseph EK, Levine JD, Green PG. PMID: 19962353; PMCID: PMC2847637.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 23     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCellsPHPublic Health
    56. Sound stress-induced long-term enhancement of mechanical hyperalgesia in rats is maintained by sympathoadrenal catecholamines. J Pain. 2009 Oct; 10(10):1073-7. Khasar SG, Dina OA, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 19576859; PMCID: PMC2757466.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 54     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    57. Sexual dimorphism in the effect of sound stress on neutrophil function. J Neuroimmunol. 2008 Dec 15; 205(1-2):25-31. Brown AS, Levine JD, Green PG. PMID: 18838177.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 8     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    58. Neurotoxic catecholamine metabolite in nociceptors contributes to painful peripheral neuropathy. Eur J Neurosci. 2008 Sep; 28(6):1180-90. Dina OA, Khasar SG, Alessandri-Haber N, Bogen O, Chen X, Green PG, Reichling DB, Messing RO, Levine JD. PMID: 18783367; PMCID: PMC2746092.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 17  Translation:AnimalsCells
    59. Stress induces a switch of intracellular signaling in sensory neurons in a model of generalized pain. J Neurosci. 2008 May 28; 28(22):5721-30. Khasar SG, Burkham J, Dina OA, Brown AS, Bogen O, Alessandri-Haber N, Green PG, Reichling DB, Levine JD. PMID: 18509033; PMCID: PMC2518401.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 86     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    60. Muscle inflammation induces a protein kinase Cepsilon-dependent chronic-latent muscle pain. J Pain. 2008 May; 9(5):457-62. Dina OA, Levine JD, Green PG. PMID: 18342576; PMCID: PMC2424185.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 25     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    61. Role of interleukin-6 in chronic muscle hyperalgesic priming. Neuroscience. 2008 Mar 18; 152(2):521-5. Dina OA, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 18280048; PMCID: PMC2336107.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 92     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    62. Alcohol-induced stress in painful alcoholic neuropathy. Eur J Neurosci. 2008 Jan; 27(1):83-92. Dina OA, Khasar SG, Alessandri-Haber N, Green PG, Messing RO, Levine JD. PMID: 18093169.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 34  Translation:Animals
    63. beta(2)-Adrenergic receptor-dependent sexual dimorphism for murine leukocyte migration. J Neuroimmunol. 2007 May; 186(1-2):54-62. de Coupade C, Brown AS, Dazin PF, Levine JD, Green PG. PMID: 17442405; PMCID: PMC1994158.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 6     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    64. Burn injury pain: the continuing challenge. J Pain. 2007 Jul; 8(7):533-48. Summer GJ, Puntillo KA, Miaskowski C, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 17434800.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 61     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimals
    65. TrkA and PKC-epsilon in thermal burn-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in the rat. J Pain. 2006 Dec; 7(12):884-91. Summer GJ, Puntillo KA, Miaskowski C, Dina OA, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 17157774.
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    66. Neurogenic inflammation and arthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Jun; 1069:155-67. Levine JD, Khasar SG, Green PG. PMID: 16855143.
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    67. Sympathoadrenal-dependent sexually dimorphic effect of nonhabituating stress on in vivo neutrophil recruitment in the rat. Br J Pharmacol. 2005 Aug; 145(7):872-9. Barker LA, Dazin PF, Levine JD, Green PG. PMID: 15912135; PMCID: PMC1576213.
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    68. Repeated sound stress enhances inflammatory pain in the rat. Pain. 2005 Jul; 116(1-2):79-86. Khasar SG, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 15936144.
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    69. Estrogen regulates adrenal medullary function producing sexual dimorphism in nociceptive threshold and beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated hyperalgesia in the rat. Eur J Neurosci. 2005 Jun; 21(12):3379-86. Khasar SG, Dina OA, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 16026475.
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    70. Gastrin-releasing peptide, substance P and cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005; 7(3):111-3. Green PG. PMID: 15899059; PMCID: PMC1174968.
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    71. Sexual dimorphism in the effect of nonhabituating stress on neurogenic plasma extravasation. Eur J Neurosci. 2005 Jan; 21(2):486-92. Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 15673447.
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    72. Beta 2-adrenergic receptor regulation of human neutrophil function is sexually dimorphic. Br J Pharmacol. 2004 Dec; 143(8):1033-41. de Coupade C, Gear RW, Dazin PF, Sroussi HY, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 15477226; PMCID: PMC1575953.
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    73. Mechanosensitive duodenal afferents contribute to vagal modulation of inflammation in the rat. J Physiol. 2004 Jan 01; 554(Pt 1):227-35. Miao FJ, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 14678504; PMCID: PMC1664747.
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    74. Central terminals of nociceptors are targets for nicotine suppression of inflammation. Neuroscience. 2004; 123(3):777-84. Miao FJ, Green PG, Benowitz N, Levine JD. PMID: 14706790.
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    75. Vagal modulation of spinal nicotine-induced inhibition of the inflammatory response mediated by descending antinociceptive controls. Neuropharmacology. 2003 Oct; 45(5):605-11. Miao FJ, Green P, Benowitz N, Levine JD. PMID: 12941374.
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    76. Vagal modulation of bradykinin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in the female rat. J Pain. 2003 Jun; 4(5):278-83. Khasar SG, Miao FJ, Gear RW, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 14622697.
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    77. Gonadal hormones do not account for sexual dimorphism in vagal modulation of nociception in the rat. J Pain. 2003 May; 4(4):190-6. Khasar SG, Green PG, Gear RW, Isenberg W, Levine JD. PMID: 14622703.
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    78. Repeated, non-habituating stress suppresses inflammatory plasma extravasation by a novel, sympathoadrenal dependent mechanism. Eur J Neurosci. 2003 Feb; 17(4):805-12. Strausbaugh HJ, Green PG, Dallman MF, Levine JD. PMID: 12603270.
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    79. Vagal modulation of nociception is mediated by adrenomedullary epinephrine in the rat. Eur J Neurosci. 2003 Feb; 17(4):909-15. Khasar SG, Green PG, Miao FJ, Levine JD. PMID: 12603283.
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    80. Fasting is a physiological stimulus of vagus-mediated enhancement of nociception in the female rat. Neuroscience. 2003; 119(1):215-21. Khasar SG, Reichling DB, Green PG, Isenberg WM, Levine JD. PMID: 12763082.
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    81. Sympathetic-independent bradykinin mechanical hyperalgesia induced by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy in the rat. J Pain. 2002 Oct; 3(5):369-76. Khasar SG, Miao FJ, Gear RW, Green PG, Isenberg WM, Levine JD. PMID: 14622740.
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    82. Altered nucleus accumbens circuitry mediates pain-induced antinociception in morphine-tolerant rats. J Neurosci. 2002 Aug 01; 22(15):6773-80. Schmidt BL, Tambeli CH, Barletta J, Luo L, Green P, Levine JD, Gear RW. PMID: 12151557; PMCID: PMC6758136.
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    83. The NK1 receptor mediates both the hyperalgesia and the resistance to morphine in mice lacking noradrenaline. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jan 22; 99(2):1029-34. Jasmin L, Tien D, Weinshenker D, Palmiter RD, Green PG, Janni G, Ohara PT. PMID: 11805341; PMCID: PMC117425.
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    84. Role of adrenal medulla in development of sexual dimorphism in inflammation. Eur J Neurosci. 2001 Nov; 14(9):1436-44. Green PG, Dahlqvist SR, Isenberg WM, Miao FJ, Levine JD. PMID: 11722605.
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    85. Gender and gonadal hormone effects on vagal modulation of tonic nociception. J Pain. 2001 Apr; 2(2):91-100. Khasar SG, Isenberg WM, Miao FJ, Gear RW, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 14622830.
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    86. Opioid inhibition of formalin-induced changes in plasma extravasation and local blood flow in rats. Pain. 2000 Feb; 84(2-3):263-70. Taylor BK, Peterson MA, Roderick RE, Tate J, Green PG, Levine JO, Basbaum AI. PMID: 10666531.
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    87. Bradykinin-induced neurogenic migration of neutrophils into the rat knee joint. Neuroreport. 1999 Dec 16; 10(18):3821-4. Lo EJ, Green PG, Miao FJ, Relchling DB, Levine JD. PMID: 10716216.
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    88. A novel nociceptor signaling pathway revealed in protein kinase C epsilon mutant mice. Neuron. 1999 Sep; 24(1):253-60. Khasar SG, Lin YH, Martin A, Dadgar J, McMahon T, Wang D, Hundle B, Aley KO, Isenberg W, McCarter G, Green PG, Hodge CW, Levine JD, Messing RO. PMID: 10677042; PMCID: PMC11587340.
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    89. Painful stimulation suppresses joint inflammation by inducing shedding of L-selectin from neutrophils. Nat Med. 1999 Sep; 5(9):1057-61. Strausbaugh HJ, Green PG, Lo E, Tangemann K, Reichling DB, Rosen SD, Levine JD. PMID: 10470085.
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    90. Sex steroid regulation of the inflammatory response: sympathoadrenal dependence in the female rat. J Neurosci. 1999 May 15; 19(10):4082-9. Green PG, Dahlqvist SR, Isenberg WM, Strausbaugh HJ, Miao FJ, Levine JD. PMID: 10234036; PMCID: PMC6782688.
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    91. Annexin I is a local mediator in neural-endocrine feedback control of inflammation. J Neurophysiol. 1998 Dec; 80(6):3120-6. Green PG, Strausbaugh HJ, Levine JD. PMID: 9862910.
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    92. Endocrine and vagal controls of sympathetically dependent neurogenic inflammation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998 May 01; 840:282-8. Green PG, Miao FJ, Strausbaugh H, Heller P, Janig W, Levine JD. PMID: 9629256.
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    93. Inhibition of bradykinin-induced plasma extravasation produced by noxious cutaneous and visceral stimuli and its modulation by vagal activity. J Neurophysiol. 1997 Sep; 78(3):1285-92. Miao FJ, Jänig W, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 9310420.
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    94. Negative feedback neuroendocrine control of inflammatory response in the rat is dependent on the sympathetic postganglionic neuron. J Neurosci. 1997 May 01; 17(9):3234-8. Green PG, Jänig W, Levine JD. PMID: 9157197; PMCID: PMC6573644.
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    95. Inhibition of bradykinin-induced synovial plasma extravasation produced by intrathecal nicotine is mediated by the hypothalamopituitary adrenal axis. J Neurophysiol. 1996 Nov; 76(5):2813-21. Miao FJ, Jänig W, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 8930234.
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    96. Tachyphylaxis develops to bradykinin-induced plasma extravasation in the rat. Neurosci Lett. 1996 Apr 19; 208(2):143-5. Miao FJ, Khasar SG, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 8859910.
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    97. Sympathetic-dependence in bradykinin-induced synovial plasma extravasation is dose-related. Neurosci Lett. 1996 Mar 01; 205(3):165-8. Miao FJ, Green PG, Coderre TJ, Jänig W, Levine JD. PMID: 8852584.
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    98. Opioid and adenosine peripheral antinociception are subject to tolerance and withdrawal. J Neurosci. 1995 Dec; 15(12):8031-8. Aley KO, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 8613740; PMCID: PMC6577919.
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    99. 5-Hydroxytryptamine-induced synovial plasma extravasation is mediated via 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptors on sympathetic efferent terminals. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1995 Oct; 275(1):502-8. Pierce PA, Xie GX, Peroutka SJ, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 7562592.
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    100. Mu-opioid agonist enhancement of prostaglandin-induced hyperalgesia in the rat: a G-protein beta gamma subunit-mediated effect? Neuroscience. 1995 Jul; 67(1):189-95. Khasar SG, Wang JF, Taiwo YO, Heller PH, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 7477899.
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    101. Negative feedback neuroendocrine control of the inflammatory response in rats. J Neurosci. 1995 Jun; 15(6):4678-86. Green PG, Miao FJ, Jänig W, Levine JD. PMID: 7790932; PMCID: PMC6577724.
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    102. Peripheral nociceptive effects of alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonists in the rat. Neuroscience. 1995 May; 66(2):427-32. Khasar SG, Green PG, Chou B, Levine JD. PMID: 7477883.
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    103. Is there more than one prostaglandin E receptor subtype mediating hyperalgesia in the rat hindpaw? Neuroscience. 1995 Feb; 64(4):1161-5. Khasar SG, Ouseph AK, Chou B, Ho T, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 7753383.
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    104. Comparison of prostaglandin E1- and prostaglandin E2-induced hyperalgesia in the rat. Neuroscience. 1994 Sep; 62(2):345-50. Khasar SG, Ho T, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 7830882.
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    105. Effect of E-type prostaglandins on bradykinin-induced plasma extravasation in the knee joint of the rat. Eur J Pharmacol. 1994 Feb 03; 252(2):127-32. Green PG, Luo J, Heller PH, Levine JD. PMID: 8157052.
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    106. Trypsin enhances sympathetic neuron-dependent plasma extravasation in the rat knee joint. Neurosci Lett. 1993 Aug 06; 158(1):117-9. Green PG, Luo J, Hammond ER, Levine JD. PMID: 8233065.
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    107. Further substantiation of a significant role for the sympathetic nervous system in inflammation. Neuroscience. 1993 Aug; 55(4):1037-43. Green PG, Luo J, Heller PH, Levine JD. PMID: 8232896.
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    108. Comparison of intradermal and subcutaneous hyperalgesic effects of inflammatory mediators in the rat. Neurosci Lett. 1993 Apr 30; 153(2):215-8. Khasar SG, Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 8100992.
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    109. Neurogenic and non-neurogenic mechanisms of plasma extravasation in the rat. Neuroscience. 1993 Feb; 52(3):735-43. Green PG, Luo J, Heller PH, Levine JD. PMID: 8450970.
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    110. Modulation of bradykinin-induced plasma extravasation in the rat knee joint by sympathetic co-transmitters. Neuroscience. 1993 Jan; 52(2):451-8. Green PG, Luo J, Heller P, Levine JD. PMID: 8095706.
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    111. Sensory neuropeptide interactions in the production of plasma extravasation in the rat. Neuroscience. 1992 Oct; 50(3):745-9. Green PG, Basbaum AI, Levine JD. PMID: 1279466.
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    112. Delta- and kappa-opioid agonists inhibit plasma extravasation induced by bradykinin in the knee joint of the rat. Neuroscience. 1992 Jul; 49(1):129-33. Green PG, Levine JD. PMID: 1328929.
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    113. Purinergic regulation of bradykinin-induced plasma extravasation and adjuvant-induced arthritis in the rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 May 15; 88(10):4162-5. Green PG, Basbaum AI, Helms C, Levine JD. PMID: 2034661; PMCID: PMC51618.
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    114. Neutrophils contribute to sympathetic nerve terminal-dependent plasma extravasation in the knee joint of the rat. Neuroscience. 1991; 43(2-3):679-85. Bjerknes L, Coderre TJ, Green PG, Basbaum AI, Levine JD. PMID: 1922788.
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    115. Interactions between anticholinesterase poisoning and opioid analgesia and locomotion in mice. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1988 Jul-Aug; 10(4):315-9. Green PG, Kitchen I, Crowder M. PMID: 3147363.
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    116. Differential displacement of opioids from plasma protein binding sites by di-isopropylfluorophosphate in the mouse. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1988 Apr; 40(4):292-3. Green PG, Kitchen I. PMID: 2900315.
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    117. Dynorphin A-(1-13) attenuates withdrawal in morphine-dependent rats: effect of route of administration. Eur J Pharmacol. 1988 Jan 19; 145(3):267-72. Green PG, Lee NM. PMID: 2895003.
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    118. Di-isopropylfluorophosphate induced antinociception and its interactions with opioid drugs in the rat. Toxicology. 1986 Dec 15; 42(2-3):275-80. Green PG, Kitchen I. PMID: 2879367.
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    119. Antinociception opioids and the cholinergic system. Prog Neurobiol. 1986; 26(2):119-46. Green PG, Kitchen I. PMID: 3704168.
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    120. Different effects of di-isopropylfluorophosphate on the entry of opioids into mouse brain. Br J Pharmacol. 1985 Mar; 84(3):657-61. Green PG, Kitchen I. PMID: 2859063; PMCID: PMC1987147.
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    121. Differential effects of di-isopropylfluorophosphate poisoning and its treatment on opioid antinociception in the mouse. Life Sci. 1983; 33 Suppl 1:669-72. Kitchen I, Green PG. PMID: 6664242.
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